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MED-CSP

MED-CSP

Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region

WP1: Sustainability Goals

WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies

WP3: Renewable Energy Resources

WP4: Demand Side Analysis

WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies (Energy)

WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts

WP7: Environmental Impacts


MED-CSP

Energy Economic Frame Parameters of the MED-CSP Scenario

The scenario departs from a crude oil price of 25 $/bbl in the year 2000, and equivalent prices for fuel oil (184 $/ton) and natural gas (6 $/GJ).
These prices equal 15 $/MWh of thermal energy. The starting coal price in 2000 is 49 $/ton, equal to 6 $/MWh thermal energy. Escalation rates for
all fuels were assumed to be 1 %/year. Considering today’s cost level of fossil fuels, this is a very conservative estimate. Higher fuel prices may be
more realistic for the future.

World fuel market prices are valid for all countries, even for those exporting fuels. This is due to the fact that in view of the strong growth of demand
in the MENA countries, export of fuels will increasingly compete with domestic consumption. Fuel can be burned or sold, not both at the same time.
National economies must subsequently calculate with world market prices if they burn fuel reducing their potential national income. It is an illusion
to believe that domestic fuel is for free. Fuel that is burned for free is equivalent to the destruction of a national treasure. Even fuel potentials that
would not justify the construction of an international market infrastructure (pipelines) due to their limited amount cannot be considered as for free,
as they are obviously not sustainable and must be replaced soon, as domestic consumption growths.

It is assumed that the European countries will introduce sequestration of greenhouse gases from flue gas of power generation after 2020, and will
reach a sequestration share of 50 % of their conventional power generation by 2050. This will increase the cost of conventional power generation of
newly installed plants or of plants with upgraded sequestration by about 2 c/kWh after 2020. MENA countries will probably not apply CO2
sequestration in the analysed time span.

The electricity cost scenario was calculated with an average real discount rate of 5 %/year. All numbers are given in real values of $-2000.

The electricity cost of renewable energies is calculated as function of the performance indicators and taking into consideration realistic learning
effects by economies of scale and technical progress. Those learning curves refer to the specific investment per installed kWh and are shown in the
respective diagram as a function of time.

While most technologies show a degressive learning curve in terms of $/kW installed capacity, concentrating solar power shows a progressive
curve. This is due to the fact that initial hybrid CSP plants will have a low solar share of 25 % which is subsequently increased to 95 % after 2020.
For this purpose, larger collector fields and thermal energy storage facilities are needed within each plant, increasing its specific investment cost
from 3000 $/kW in 2004 to about 4500 $/kW in 2020. Nevertheless, the electricity cost of CSP will be reduced steadily, because the plants will
require less fuel for power generation and the collectors will become cheaper.

CSP, geothermal power and biomass plants will subsequently take over backup capacity functions of conventional power plants. As they enter the
intermediate and peak load power market, their annual full load hours will be reduced and their specific electricity cost will increase after 2040. This
is not a problem, as the value of peak load electricity is also higher. Hydropower is already today used for peaking purposes, and its cost is
relatively high due to that reason.
MED-CSP

Finding Renewable Energy Scenarios with the Crash-Barrier Principle:


Subsequently, different factors limit technology expansion.

Phase 1: Technology cost is high and expansion requires preferential investment


Phase 2: Prices have become competitive but production capacities are limited
Phase 3: Production catches up and the market is defined by demand
Phase 4: As demand grows the availability of resources may become limiting

Barriers
Market Expansion

Limited Resources

Limited Demand
Limited Production Market
Limited Finance Time

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4


MED-CSP
MED-CSP

Synthesis of limits of power exchanges (MW) for year 2010 through the AC grid
and example of improvements that can be achieved through defence plans
/EURELECTRIC 2003/
MED-CSP

Phases of CSP Market Introduction

100 200

Absolute CSP Growth [TWh/y]


90 180
CSP Growth Rate [%/y]

80 160
70 140
60 120
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
50 100
40 80
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50
20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
Year

CSP Growth Rate Absolute CSP Growth


MED-CSP
Growth Rates of PV and Wind Power in Germany

140
1.6 MW
120
Growth Rate in %/y

100

80
390 MW
60
68 MW
40

20
14600 MW
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year

Wind Energy Photovoltaic Energy


Source: Quaschning 2004
MED-CSP

Life curve of remaining power plants in Morocco installed before 2003

Old Power Plants in Morocco


Total Capacity 2003 = 4 700 MW
1
Wind + Other RE
0.9
Share of Plants installed before 2003

Hydropower
0.8
0.7
0.6
Gas/Oil
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Coal
0.1
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Year
MED-CSP
Development of Fuel Prices ($-2004), Solar Share of CSP
Plants and CO2-Sequestration Share of Fossil Power
Generation in Europe within the MED-CSP Scenario
100 100%
90 90%
Average Price of Oil [$/bbl] and

Solar Share of CSP Plants


80 80%
70 70%
Coal [$/ton]

60 60%
50 50%
40 40%
30 30%
20 20%
10 10%
0 0%
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year

Oil / Gas Price $/bbl Coal Price $/ton


CSP Solar Share [%] CO2-Sequestration Share [%]
MED-CSP
Specific Investment of Power Technologies
Spec. Invest. $/kW 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Wind 1550 1280 950 930 920 900
Photovoltaics 5500 2830 1590 1250 1010 910
Geothermal 11714 4530 3249 2791 2700 2654
Biomass 2500 2000 1700 1670 1660 1650
10000 CSP Plants 3098 3388 4662 4332 4185 4134
Wave / Tidal 3000 2500 2250 2100 2050 2000
Hydropower 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800
9000 Oil / Gas 550 540 530 520 510 500
Coal 1150 1150 1150 1150 1150 1150

8000
Specific Investment [$/kW]

Wind
7000 Photovoltaics
6000 Geothermal
increased solar share Biomass
5000 CSP Plants
Wave / Tidal
4000
Hydropower
3000 Oil / Gas
Coal
2000

1000

0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
MED-CSP
Technical Frame Parameters of the MED-CSP Scenario

Electrical Load:
The maximum load is calculated in proportion to the growing electricity demand according to the scenario CG/HE. There are no inter-annual
changes of the temporal structure of the load curve. The following figure shows the example of the peak load day for Egypt for the years 2001,
2020, 2030 and 2050. The power park is designed such that there is always a remaining reserve capacity of 25 % on peak power.
Wind Power:
Wind is a strongly fluctuating energy source that cannot be controlled by demand. However, distributed wind parks partially compensate each
others fluctuations and show a relatively smooth transition. Depending on site, up to 15 % of the installed capacity can be considered as secured.
Hourly wind data was taken from the World Wind Atlas.
Photovoltaic :
PV power is strongly fluctuating and only available during daytime. There is no contribution to secured power, but a good correlation with the usual
daytime power demand peak of most countries. PV is specially suited for distributed power supply. Hourly global irradiance on a fixed tilted surface
was taken from the Meteonorm database.
Geothermal Hot Dry Rock:
Geothermal power can be delivered on demand as base load, intermediate or peaking power using the earth as natural storage system. Unit sizes
are limited to about 50 to 100 MW maximum. It can be used to compensate fluctuation from wind and pv-power.
Biomass Power Generation:
Biomass can deliver power on demand. However, biomass is scarce in MENA and subject to seasonal fluctuations. Biomass can be supplied in
times when wind and pv power is low in order to compensate those sources, and shut down when wind and pv power is available to save the
scarce biomass resources.
Hydropower:
The situation is similar for hydropower, which can be delivered on demand but is scarce in MENA and subject to seasonal fluctuations. If used only
in times when pv and wind power are low, it acts like a natural complement and storage system for those resources. Hydropower is saved when
wind and pv energy is available and preferably used during peaking periods, while its annual capacity factor remains more or less constant.
Solar Thermal Electricity:
Concentrating solar thermal power stations can deliver power on demand, making use of their thermal storage capability and hybrid operation with
fuels. They are the natural link between the fossil system and the other renewables. Being the biggest resource, they will provide the core of
electricity in MENA.
Oil and Gas fired Power Plants:
Oil and gas fired power plants are today the most applied technology in MENA. They will subsequently take over the part of closing the remaining
gap between the load and the renewable power during peaking times. Their energy consumption will be reduced faster than their installed capacity.
Coal Steam Plants
Only a few countries in MENA use coal fired steam cycles. They constitute a feasible, however problematic supplement to power generation in
MENA, as they are exclusively based on imports. Therefore, domestic sources like renewables, oil and gas will be the preferred choice in most
MENA countries.
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear plants are a fading technology with unsolved problem of nuclear waste disposal and high risk. In spite of massive subsidies, it has actually
a market share of less than 1 %. Electricity from fusion will not be available before 2050.
MED-CSP
Power Generation on the Peak Load Day in Egypt
Peak Load Day in Egypt 2001 - Scenario CG/HE Peak Load Day in Egypt 2020 - Scenario CG/HE

14 14 30 30

12 12 25 25
fuel fuel
10 10 csp csp
20 20
Power [GW]

Power [GW]
8 8 geo geo
hydro 15 15 hydro
6 6 bio bio
pv 10 10 pv
4 4
wind wind
2 2 5 5

0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour [h] Hour [h]

Peak Load Day in Egypt 2030 - Scenario CG/HE Peak Load Day in Egypt 2050 - Scenario CG/HE

50 50 100 100
45 45 90 90
40 40 fuel 80 80 fuel
35 35 csp 70 70 csp
Power [GW]

Power [GW]

30 30 geo 60 60 geo
25 25 hydro 50 50 hydro
20 20 bio 40 40 bio
15 15 pv 30 30 pv
10 10 wind 20 20 wind
5 5 10 10
0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour [h] Hour [h]
MED-CSP

MED-CSP Country Scenarios

Electricity Generation:
The European countries typically show rather large potentials of hydropower, wind power and biomass and less solar generation. This is due to the
fact that solar collector production capacities are still small, and once they become visible after 2020, the electricity demand is already stagnating
or retrogressive in those countries. Arab OPEC countries will probably maintain a rather high share of oil/gas for power generation and slowly
change to solar schemes, while wind and hydropower are rather limited. All other MENA countries will increasingly make use of concentrating solar
power as an ideal technology for a transition from an oil/gas fired power generation to a renewable energy driven scheme. Geothermal power is
very promising in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Although climate change and environmental considerations are very good reasons for a change to
renewable electricity sources, the main issue is the security of supply and the cost of energy in the future. Most economies in MENA will not be able
to develop properly in view of the increasing cost of fossil fuels. They are also those countries that will be most affected from climate change and
desertification. Therefore, both economical and ecological considerations lead to a solar energy economy in the EUMENA region.

Installed Capacity:
The installed capacity of the total power park is calculated in a way that the national peak load is always covered with an additional minimum
reserve of 25 % of secured installed power capacity. Due to the fact that wind and PV electricity shares only participate with a minor share in the
provision of secured capacity, the total installed capacity tends to increase subsequently in relation to the national peak load. Typical capacity/peak
load relations are today about 1.5 to 1.8, increasing to 1.7 to 2.5, respectively. While PV and Wind Power is resource driven, the other technologies
can be applied in a demand driven manner. Hybrid CSP plants can deliver peak load, intermediate load and base load capacity on demand.

Electricity Cost of New Plants:


The cost of electricity from fossil plants is calculated with the average annual full load hours of each country’s power park and according to the
relation of oil/gas and coal plants installed. The cost of new natural gas fired combined cycle power plants is displayed as well as the cost of steam-
coal plants under the economic frame conditions shown before. The cost of fuel oil steam cycles is usually higher than those values.
In Europe, the electricity cost of most renewable energies will cross the cost of fuel driven plants between 2010 and 2020. Most renewable power
plants will be cheaper than new, fuel driven plants after that, specially if CO2-sequestration is introduced. But even in the MENA countries, where
CO2 sequestration is not expected to become applicable, most renewable power plants will produce cheaper electricity than new fuel fired plants
after 2020.

CO2-Emissions:
Specific CO2 emissions per kWh are calculated on the basis of average specific values that have been obtained from life cycle analysis of each
power technology. For fuel power generation, the share of CO2 sequestration is considered. Most countries achieve the per capita emissions of
clearly less than 1 t/cap/year in the power sector recommended by the German Scientific Council for Global Environmental Change (WBGU). Due
to a general believe, this does not have to be financed by subsidies, but constitutes the most economic solution for a secure energy supply.
However, it requires initial investments to start the technology learning curves of the renewable energy technologies and to achieve cost break-
even with fossil fuels as soon as possible in order to relieve the national economies from subsidising the fossil fuel sector.
MED-CSP

Electricity Generation All Countries

4500

4000
Photovoltaics
Electricity Production [TWh/a]

3500 Wind
3000 Wave / Tidal
Geothermal
2500 Biomass
2000 Hydropower
CSP Plants
1500
Oil / Gas
1000 Coal
Nuclear
500

0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
MED-CSP

Installed Capacity All Countries

1400 1400

1200 1200 Photovoltaics


Wind
Installed Capacity [GW]

1000 1000 Wave / Tidal


Geothermal
800 800 Biomass
Hydropower
600 600 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
400 400 Coal
Nuclear
200 200 Peak Load

0 0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
MED-CSP

Electricity Generation & Installed Power Capacity


of All Countries analysed within MED-CSP
Electricity in TWh/a 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Load 1297.4 1643.4 2123.5 2880.5 3720.6 4178.5
Wind 7.2 50.2 108.4 168.5 223.2 285.2
Photovoltaics 0.0 4.6 27.7 96.8 165.9 230.5
Geothermal 4.7 7.8 28.7 76.8 132.8 204.9
Biomass 6.4 36.8 71.2 109.4 150.8 194.6
CSP Plants 0.0 4.6 74.1 640.0 1580.5 2268.6
Wave / Tidal 0.0 0.5 2.2 4.9 8.7 13.7
Hydropower 154.3 160.9 177.9 205.3 241.7 288.5
Oil / Gas 805.6 1051.7 1308.6 1318.5 994.5 519.2
Coal 256.9 263.9 267.4 260.4 222.4 173.4

Installed Power in GW 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050


Peak Load 233.8 297.2 383.4 518.5 667.8 748.2
Wind 3.3 22.9 50.0 78.8 103.8 131.3
Photovoltaics 0.0 3.0 16.0 55.4 94.4 130.3
Geothermal 0.6 1.0 4.1 11.4 24.2 43.3
Biomass 1.8 10.5 20.3 31.3 49.9 73.0
CSP Plants 0.0 0.6 9.3 86.0 248.6 418.1
Wave / Tidal 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.2 2.2 3.4
Hydropower 68.5 73.1 82.6 97.2 116.4 141.3
Oil / Gas 210.2 267.8 350.1 431.5 440.3 348.9
Coal 45.4 46.8 47.5 46.6 40.3 32.2
MED-CSP

Portugal Portugal

70 25 25
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


60 Photovoltaics
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 20 20
50 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 15 15
40

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass
30 10 10 Geothermal
Geothermal
20 Hydropower
Hydropower 5 5
10 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
0 0 0 Oil / Gas
Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Coal
Peak Load
Year Year

Portugal Portugal

30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

35
BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Photovoltaics 30 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wind
20 25 Wind
Wave / Tidal
[c/kWh]

20 Wave / Tidal
15 Biomass
15 Biomass
Geothermal
10 Geothermal
Hydropower 10
5 5 Hydropower
CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas 0
0 Oil / Gas
Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Spain Spain

300 100 100 Photovoltaics


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


250 Wind
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

80 80
Wave / Tidal
200 Wave / Tidal
60 60 Biomass
Biomass

[GW]
150 Geothermal
Geothermal 40 40
100 Hydropower
Hydropower
20 20 CSP Plants
50 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
Oil / Gas
0 0 0 Coal
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Nuclear
Nuclear
Year Year Peak Load

Spain Spain
30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

Photovoltaics
200
25 BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
Wind
Wave / Tidal Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
20 150
Biomass Wind
[c/kWh]

15 Geothermal Wave / Tidal


100
Hydropower Biomass
10
CSP Plants Geothermal
50
5 Oil / Gas Hydropower
Coal CSP Plants
0 0
Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Italy Italy

400 140 140


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


350 Photovoltaics 120 120
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

300 Wind 100 100 Wave / Tidal


250 Wave / Tidal
80 80

[GW]
Biomass
200 Biomass
60 60 Geothermal
150 Geothermal
40 40 Hydropower
100 Hydropower
20 20 CSP Plants
50 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Italy Italy
30
Photovoltaics 250
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
200 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

150 Wave / Tidal


15 Geothermal
100 Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
50 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Greece Greece

70 25 25
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


60 Photovoltaics
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

20 20
50 Wind
Wave / Tidal
40 Wave / Tidal 15 15

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass
30 10 10 Geothermal
Geothermal
20 Hydropower
Hydropower 5 5
10 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Greece Greece
30
Photovoltaics 50
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
40 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

30
15 Geothermal Wave / Tidal
Hydropower 20 Biomass
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
10 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
Coal CSP Plants
0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Malta Malta

3.5 1.2 1.2


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


3.0 Photovoltaics
1.0 1.0 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

2.5 Wind
0.8 0.8 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal
2.0

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 0.6 0.6
1.5 Geothermal
Geothermal 0.4 0.4
1.0 Hydropower
Hydropower
0.5 0.2 0.2 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0.0 Oil / Gas 0.0 0.0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Malta Malta
30
Photovoltaics 2.0
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 1.5
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 1.0
Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants 0.5
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0.0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Cyprus Cyprus

6.0 2.5 2.5


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics
5.0 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

2.0 2.0
Wind
4.0 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 1.5 1.5

[GW]
Biomass
3.0 Biomass
1.0 1.0 Geothermal
2.0 Geothermal
Hydropower
Hydropower
1.0 0.5 0.5 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0.0 Oil / Gas 0.0 0.0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Cyprus Cyprus
30
Photovoltaics 3.5
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 3.0 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 2.5 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

2.0 Wave / Tidal


15 Geothermal
1.5 Biomass
Hydropower
10 1.0 Geothermal
CSP Plants
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 0.5
CSP Plants
Coal 0.0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Morocco Morocco

250 80 80
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 70 70
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

200
Wind 60 60
Wave / Tidal
150 Wave / Tidal 50 50

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 40 40
100 Geothermal
Geothermal 30 30
Hydropower
Hydropower 20 20
50 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 10 10
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Morocco Morocco

30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

Photovoltaics 160
BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 140
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 120
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

100
Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 80
Biomass
Hydropower 60
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants 40
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 20
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Algeria Algeria

300 100 100


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics
250 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

80 80
Wind
200 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 60 60

[GW]
Biomass
150 Biomass
40 40 Geothermal
100 Geothermal
Hydropower
Hydropower
50 20 20 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Algeria Algeria
30
Photovoltaics 120
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
100 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 80
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 60
Biomass
Hydropower
10 40 Geothermal
CSP Plants
20 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Tunisia Tunisia

70 25 25
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


60 Photovoltaics
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

20 20
50 Wind
Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 15 15
40

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass
30 10 10 Geothermal
Geothermal
20 Hydropower
Hydropower
5 5 CSP Plants
10 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Tunisia Tunisia
30
Photovoltaics 35
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 30 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 25 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

20 Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal
15 Biomass
Hydropower
10 10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 5
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Libya Libya

50 16 16
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 14 14
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

40
Wind 12 12
Wave / Tidal
30 Wave / Tidal 10 10

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 8 8
20 Geothermal
Geothermal 6 6
Hydropower
Hydropower 4 4
10 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 2 2
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Libya Libya

30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

25
BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Photovoltaics
20 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
20 Wind
Wind
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal 15
15 Wave / Tidal
Biomass
10 Biomass
10 Geothermal
Geothermal
Hydropower
5 Hydropower
5 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
0 Oil / Gas 0
Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Egypt Egypt

700 180 180


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


600 Photovoltaics 160 160
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 140 140


500 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 120 120
400

[GW]
100 100 Biomass
Biomass
300 80 80 Geothermal
Geothermal 60 60
200 Hydropower
Hydropower 40 40
100 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 20 20
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Egypt Egypt
30
Photovoltaics 300
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
250 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 200
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 150
Biomass
Hydropower
10 100 Geothermal
CSP Plants
50 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Turkey Turkey

600 160 160


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


500 Photovoltaics 140 140
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 120 120


400 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 100 100

[GW]
Biomass
300 Biomass 80 80
Geothermal
Geothermal 60 60
200 Hydropower
Hydropower 40 40
100 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 20 20
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Turkey Turkey
30
Photovoltaics 300
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
250 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 200
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 150
Biomass
Hydropower
10 100 Geothermal
CSP Plants
50 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Jordan Jordan

60 18 18
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 16 16
50 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 14 14
40 12 12 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
10 10 Biomass
30 Biomass
8 8 Geothermal
20 Geothermal 6 6 Hydropower
Hydropower 4 4
10 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 2 2
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Jordan Jordan
30
Photovoltaics 25
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
20 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

15 Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal
10 Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
5 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Israel Israel

70 25 25
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


60 Photovoltaics
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

20 20
50 Wind
Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 15 15
40

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass
30 10 10 Geothermal
Geothermal
20 Hydropower
Hydropower
5 5 CSP Plants
10 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Israel Israel
30
Photovoltaics 50
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
40 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

30 Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal
20 Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
10 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Lebanon Lebanon

30 9 9
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 8 8
25 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 7 7
20 6 6 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
5 5 Biomass
15 Biomass
4 4 Geothermal
10 Geothermal 3 3 Hydropower
Hydropower 2 2
5 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 1 1
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Lebanon Lebanon
30
Photovoltaics 12
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
10 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 8
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 6
Biomass
Hydropower
10 4 Geothermal
CSP Plants
2 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Syria Syria

180 60 60
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


160 Photovoltaics
50 50 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

140 Wind
120 40 40 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
100 Biomass
Biomass 30 30
80 Geothermal
60 Geothermal 20 20 Hydropower
40 Hydropower
10 10 CSP Plants
20 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Syria Syria
30
Photovoltaics 80
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 70
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 60
20 Wind
Biomass 50
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 40
Biomass
Hydropower 30
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants 20
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 10
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Iran Iran

600 180 180


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 160 160
500 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 140 140


400 120 120 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
100 100 Biomass
300 Biomass
80 80 Geothermal
200 Geothermal 60 60 Hydropower
Hydropower 40 40
100 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 20 20
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Iran Iran
30
Photovoltaics 250
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
200 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

150 Wave / Tidal


15 Geothermal
100 Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
50 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Iraq Iraq

300 80 80
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 70 70
250 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 60 60
200 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 50 50

[GW]
Biomass
150 Biomass 40 40
Geothermal
100 Geothermal 30 30
Hydropower
Hydropower 20 20
50 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 10 10
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Iraq Iraq
30
Photovoltaics 120
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
100 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 80
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 60
Biomass
Hydropower
10 40 Geothermal
CSP Plants
20 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia

350 90 90
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


300 Photovoltaics 80 80
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind 70 70
250 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal 60 60
200

[GW]
50 50 Biomass
Biomass
150 40 40 Geothermal
Geothermal 30 30
100 Hydropower
Hydropower 20 20
50 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 10 10
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia


30
Photovoltaics 180
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 160
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 140
20 Wind
Biomass 120
[c/kWh]

100 Wave / Tidal


15 Geothermal
80 Biomass
Hydropower
10 60 Geothermal
CSP Plants 40 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 20
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Yemen Yemen

450 120 120


Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


400 Photovoltaics
100 100 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

350 Wind
300 80 80 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
250 Biomass
Biomass 60 60
200 Geothermal
150 Geothermal 40 40 Hydropower
100 Hydropower
20 20 CSP Plants
50 CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Yemen Yemen
30
Photovoltaics 200
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 150
20 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 100
Biomass
Hydropower
10 Geothermal
CSP Plants 50
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Oman Oman

40 16 16
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


35 Photovoltaics 14 14
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

30 Wind 12 12
Wave / Tidal
25 Wave / Tidal 10 10

[GW]
Biomass
20 Biomass 8 8
Geothermal
15 Geothermal 6 6
Hydropower
10 Hydropower 4 4
CSP Plants
5 CSP Plants 2 2
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Oman Oman
30
Photovoltaics 18
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 16
Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal 14
20 Wind
Biomass 12
[c/kWh]

10 Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal
8 Biomass
Hydropower
10 6 Geothermal
CSP Plants 4 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 2
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Bahrain Bahrain

10 3.0 3.0
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics
2.5 2.5 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

8
Wind
2.0 2.0 Wave / Tidal
6 Wave / Tidal

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 1.5 1.5
4 Geothermal
Geothermal 1.0 1.0 Hydropower
Hydropower
2 0.5 0.5 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0.0 0.0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Bahrain Bahrain
30
Photovoltaics 6
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
5 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 4
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 3
Biomass
Hydropower
10 2 Geothermal
CSP Plants
1 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates

50 12 12
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics
10 10 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

40
Wind
8 8 Wave / Tidal
30 Wave / Tidal

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 6 6
20 Geothermal
Geothermal 4 4 Hydropower
Hydropower
10 2 2 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates


30
Photovoltaics 30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
25 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 20
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 15
Biomass
Hydropower
10 10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
5 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Qatar Qatar

12 3.0 3.0
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics
10 2.5 2.5 Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

Wind
8 2.0 2.0 Wave / Tidal
Wave / Tidal

[GW]
Biomass
6 Biomass 1.5 1.5
Geothermal
4 Geothermal 1.0 1.0 Hydropower
Hydropower
2 0.5 0.5 CSP Plants
CSP Plants
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0.0 0.0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Qatar Qatar
30
Photovoltaics 7
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind 6 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 5 Wind
Biomass
[c/kWh]

4 Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal
3 Biomass
Hydropower
10 2 Geothermal
CSP Plants
Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas 1
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Kuwait Kuwait

50 16 16
Photovoltaics

Installed Power Capacity


Photovoltaics 14 14
Wind
Electricity [TWh/y]

40
Wind 12 12
Wave / Tidal
30 Wave / Tidal 10 10

[GW]
Biomass
Biomass 8 8
20 Geothermal
Geothermal 6 6
Hydropower
Hydropower 4 4
10 CSP Plants
CSP Plants 2 2
Oil / Gas
0 Oil / Gas 0 0
Coal
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Peak Load
Year Year

Kuwait Kuwait
30
Photovoltaics 30
Electricity Cost of New Plants

BAU

CO2-Emissions of Power
25 Wind
25 Photovoltaics

Generation [Mt/y]
Wave / Tidal
20 Wind
Biomass 20
[c/kWh]

Wave / Tidal
15 Geothermal 15
Biomass
Hydropower
10 10 Geothermal
CSP Plants
5 Hydropower
5 Oil / Gas
CSP Plants
Coal 0
0 Oil / Gas
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal
Year Year
MED-CSP

Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)

Biomass Geothermal
Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bahrain 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cyprus 0.00 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Iran 0.00 2.15 4.98 8.22 12.03 16.03 0.00 0.23 0.68 2.03 3.60 5.63
Iraq 0.00 0.64 1.62 3.01 4.64 6.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Israel 0.00 0.23 0.52 0.84 1.20 1.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Jordan 0.00 0.15 0.36 0.62 0.93 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Kuwait 0.00 0.08 0.20 0.34 0.51 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lebanon 0.00 0.10 0.23 0.37 0.52 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Oman 0.00 0.08 0.20 0.38 0.60 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qatar 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Saudi Arabia 0.00 0.80 1.98 3.54 5.47 7.61 0.00 0.50 4.25 12.76 22.68 35.44
Syria 0.00 0.34 0.89 1.64 2.57 3.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
UAE 0.00 0.09 0.20 0.32 0.44 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yemen 0.00 0.30 0.90 2.03 3.90 6.77 0.00 0.50 7.70 23.11 41.09 64.20
Algeria 0.00 1.04 2.37 3.92 5.69 7.55 0.00 0.09 0.28 0.84 1.50 2.35
Egypt 0.23 1.46 3.27 5.85 8.72 12.16 0.14 0.64 1.67 4.74 8.31 12.91
Libya 0.00 0.18 0.41 0.68 0.98 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Morocco 0.00 1.22 2.71 4.43 6.38 8.41 0.00 0.20 0.60 1.80 3.20 5.00
Tunisia 0.00 0.31 0.69 1.11 1.57 2.03 0.00 0.06 0.19 0.58 1.03 1.61
Greece 0.03 1.18 2.35 3.53 4.70 5.87 0.00 0.09 0.28 0.84 1.50 2.35
Italy 1.70 8.25 14.83 21.38 27.80 34.09 4.40 4.51 4.72 5.37 6.13 7.10
Malta 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Portugal 0.35 2.30 4.27 6.24 8.23 10.19 0.10 0.23 0.51 1.35 2.32 3.57
Spain 4.00 10.89 17.82 24.74 31.64 38.44 0.00 0.19 0.56 1.69 3.00 4.69
Turkey 0.10 4.87 10.12 15.78 21.72 27.68 0.08 0.58 7.28 21.67 38.47 60.06
Total 6.41 36.78 71.16 109.4 150.8 194.6 4.72 7.83 28.74 76.8 132.8 204.9
MED-CSP

Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)

Hydropower Wind Power


Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bahrain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cyprus 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Iran 6.00 6.84 9.36 13.56 19.44 27.00 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.4 2.6 4.0
Iraq 0.59 1.91 5.90 12.54 21.84 33.79 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.2 5.0
Israel 0.01 0.15 0.57 1.27 2.25 3.51 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Jordan 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0
Kuwait 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lebanon 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.51 0.59 0.70 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Oman 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.2 1.0 2.2 3.8 6.0
Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Saudi Arabia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.4 1.6 3.6 6.4 10.0
Syria 2.50 2.53 2.62 2.77 2.98 3.25 0.0 0.2 1.0 2.2 3.8 6.0
UAE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Yemen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Algeria 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.0 0.7 2.8 6.3 11.2 17.5
Egypt 13.70 14.43 16.60 20.23 25.32 31.85 0.2 2.9 10.9 24.4 43.3 67.5
Libya 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.3 1.2 2.7 4.8 7.5
Morocco 1.44 1.49 1.65 1.90 2.26 2.72 0.0 3.3 5.5 6.8 12.0 18.8
Tunisia 0.06 0.13 0.20 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.0 0.8 3.0 5.0 7.0 7.5
Greece 4.11 4.19 4.43 4.82 5.37 6.08 0.5 3.6 7.5 9.0 10.0 10.7
Italy 50.90 50.96 51.15 51.46 51.89 52.45 1.5 7.7 17.0 30.0 35.0 38.0
Malta 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.08
Portugal 11.60 11.68 11.94 12.36 12.94 13.70 0.4 2.8 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.5
Spain 31.80 33.18 34.56 35.94 35.94 35.94 4.7 20.0 35.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
Turkey 30.88 32.70 38.17 47.28 60.04 76.44 0.0 6.8 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Total 154.3 160.9 177.9 205.3 241.7 288.5 7.22 50.22 108.4 168.5 223.2 285.2
MED-CSP

Electricity generated by Renewable Energies (TWh/year)

Photovoltaics CSP Plants


Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bahrain 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.13 0.22 0.30 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.8 2.7 3.5
Cyprus 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.9
Iran 0.00 0.32 1.92 6.73 11.54 16.03 0.0 0.4 9.8 75.0 266.4 348.9
Iraq 0.00 0.14 0.82 2.86 4.91 6.82 0.0 0.1 2.5 43.9 122.0 189.5
Israel 0.00 0.08 0.48 1.67 2.87 3.98 0.0 0.1 2.2 16.1 27.8 29.0
Jordan 0.00 0.09 0.54 1.88 3.21 4.47 0.0 0.0 0.8 9.9 26.2 40.0
Kuwait 0.00 0.05 0.30 1.05 1.80 2.50 0.0 0.1 1.4 4.0 8.0 13.0
Lebanon 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.63 1.08 1.50 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.9 9.0 12.0
Oman 0.00 0.08 0.49 1.71 2.93 4.08 0.0 0.0 0.9 8.3 18.2 22.1
Qatar 0.00 0.02 0.12 0.42 0.72 1.00 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 2.2 2.8
Saudi Arabia 0.00 0.28 1.67 5.83 10.00 13.89 0.0 0.6 7.0 45.0 95.0 135.0
Syria 0.00 0.17 1.02 3.59 6.15 8.54 0.0 0.1 2.4 31.3 88.7 116.6
UAE 0.00 0.06 0.36 1.26 2.16 3.00 0.0 0.1 1.3 4.0 8.0 10.0
Yemen 0.00 0.52 3.09 10.82 18.54 25.75 0.0 0.0 1.4 21.0 118.0 255.0
Algeria 0.00 0.28 1.67 5.84 10.02 13.91 0.0 0.2 5.3 55.0 129.1 164.8
Egypt 0.00 0.72 4.32 15.13 25.94 36.03 0.0 0.3 8.2 75.0 235.0 395.0
Libya 0.00 0.08 0.47 1.64 2.82 3.91 0.0 0.1 1.4 10.8 19.0 21.9
Morocco 0.00 0.34 2.04 7.14 12.24 17.00 0.0 0.1 3.5 43.8 110.0 150.0
Tunisia 0.00 0.10 0.60 2.09 3.58 4.97 0.0 0.1 1.4 14.5 33.6 43.3
Greece 0.00 0.08 0.48 1.68 2.88 4.00 0.0 0.1 1.2 2.0 2.5 3.5
Italy 0.01 0.31 1.81 6.31 10.80 15.00 0.0 1.1 1.5 4.5 5.0 5.0
Malta 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4
Portugal 0.00 0.06 0.36 1.26 2.16 3.00 0.0 0.1 1.0 3.5 7.0 10.0
Spain 0.01 0.24 1.44 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.0 0.5 4.6 25.0 25.0 25.0
Turkey 0.00 0.57 3.43 11.99 20.56 28.55 0.0 0.4 9.1 50.0 90.0 125.0
Total 0.02 4.62 27.67 96.8 162.3 223.5 0.00 4.63 68.1 551 1450 2122

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