English

Grammar
 Topics

 What are Parts of Speech

 Concept and Types of Noun

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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

• General or unspecific place, object

Commo and person
n Noun

• Specific place, object and person

• Initial capital letter
Proper • No contrast in definite and
Noun indefinite articles
• They are proper or definite
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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

Common Noun

• Countable
• – Use of definite and indefinite
articles to specify the noun
• Uncountable (singular/plural
forms)
• – no indefinite article
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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

• General or unspecific place, object

Concret and person
e Noun

• Referring to intangible form, events,

Abstract states, time, qualities etc.
Noun

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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material
Countable
Uncountable
(Common and
(Mass Noun)
concrete nouns)
Substance,
Person,
material,
object and
liquid/gases
places

Some Exceptions:
Furniture and traffic
refer to single piece or
item as a chair, a car
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 NOUN

Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

Countable or uncountable is a semantic distinction

Noun as countable & Uncountable

Chicken, egg, coffee or tea etc.

For example:
We have five or six chickens in our garden.
Would you like to have some chicken in lunch.

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 NOUN

Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

Countable or uncountable is a semantic distinction

Abstract Noun as countable & Uncountable

For example:

They all appreciate your kindness.

It would be a cruel kindness if you avoid the rule.
(FICT)

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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

Plural Uncountable
Some nouns are always plural, often because they are
made up of two 'parts'. This is especially true of some
clothes and tools:
For example:

Scissors, clothes, trousers, shorts, pliers tweezers

tongs glasses etc.
To make them singular, we usually use - a pair of
These scissors are broken. This pair of scissors is
broken.

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 NOUN
Referring to Objects, Substance & Material

Uncountable Nouns Ending In -s

Some uncountable nouns that end with -S look like plural

countable nouns but are not.

We use a singular verb:

What's the news today?

Here are more examples. Note that many end in -ics:

news maths economics athletics genetics
linguistics mechanics politics aerobics rabies
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 NOUN

Proper Noun Vs. Common Noun

Initial capital letter is used with proper nouns:

• Personal names – Umer, Farooq etc.

• Place names – Pakistan, Turkey, Asia etc.

• Organization names – Congress, Toyota Motors

etc.

• Religious periods, months, and days of the week

- Monday, March, Eid-ul-Azha etc.
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 NOUN
Proper Noun Vs. Common Noun

Initial capital letter is used with proper nouns:

• People or bodies with a unique public function –

the Pope, the President, the Senate, Parliament,
the Commonwealth

• Public buildings, institutions, laws, etc. - the

Library of Congress, Yale University, the Fire
Precautions Act

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 NOUN
Proper Noun Vs. Common Noun

Initial capital letter is used with proper nouns:

• Political parties and their members - the

Democrats, the Labour Party

• Languages, nationalities, and ethnic groups –

Arabic, Chinese, English

• Adjectives and common nouns derived from

proper nouns - Marxist, Marxism, Victorian, New
Yorker(s), Greek(s))
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 NOUN
Proper Noun Vs. Common Noun

Typical proper nouns have no determiners and

contrast of number

With multi-word expression, definite article is

used – the White House

Proper Noun regularly occurring with ‘the’

• Geographical names & plural Geographical

names – rivers, seas, canals
• the Nile, the Indian Ocean, The Sahara, the
Hamalayas
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 NOUN

Proper Noun regularly occurring with ‘the’

• Names of ships - the Titanic, the Santa Maria

• Many newspapers and some periodicals -The

New
York Times, The Guardian etc.

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 NOUN
Package Nouns

Function of ‘packaging’ together a range of entities

Collective noun, unit noun, quantifying noun and

species noun

Followed by ‘of’ phrases

Difference is not always clear – collective noun

can be used to show quantity

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 NOUN
Collective Nouns

Group of people, animals, objects

For example: army, family, crew, pack, herd, flock,

constellation etc.

With these nouns, there is a choice to use

singular or plural verb depending on whether you
mean the group as a unit or the sum of its
members

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 NOUN
Collective Nouns

The audience is / are enjoying the show.

For example:

The government never makes up its mind in hurry.

The government never make up their mind in

hurry.

(note the difference of meaning)

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 NOUN
Collective Nouns

Some of-collectives occur with collocation:

Bunch of roses, grapes

Crowd of demonstrators, fans, spectators
Flock of birds, doves, geese, sheep,
children
Gang of bandits, hecklers, thugs, thieves
Group of adults, girls, animals, buildings,
diseases, things
Set of assumptions, characteristics,
conditions
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 NOUN
Collective Nouns

Bunch, group, and set are the most commonly

used words, allowing the widest range of
collocations

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 NOUN
Unit Nouns

Unit nouns cut up a generalized mass or substance

into individual units or pieces

Followed by an ‘of’ phrase containing an

uncountable noun

Each unit noun has a specific meaning

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 NOUN
Unit Nouns

a bit of cake, wood, fun, luck

a chunk of chocolate, concrete, gold
a grain of corn, dust, salt, sand
an item of clothing, equipment, news
a lump of clay, coal, soil, butter, fat
a piece of cake, toast, chalk, land, wood,
advice, evidence
a sheet of cardboard, iron, paper

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 NOUN

Unit Nouns

One uncountable noun can also combine with a

variety of unit noun

For example, paper can follow:

fragment of, heap of, mound of, piece of, pile of,
roll of, sheet of, etc. - depending on the meaning
required

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 NOUN

Quantifying Nouns

Used to refer to quantities

Followed by of-phrase containing either a plural

noun or an uncountable noun

a pile of bricks, a pile of rubbish

a kilo of potatoes , a kilo of flour

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 NOUN

Quantifying Nouns

We can distinct seven types of quantifying nouns

Nouns for a type of Container

Basket of eggs, flowers, bread, fruit

Box of books, candy, matches, soap
Cup of coffee, soup, tea

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 NOUN

Quantifying Nouns

Nouns for Shape

Heap of ashes, blankets, bones, leaves,

Pile of bills, bodies, bricks, rocks,
rubbish, wood
Measure Nouns
pint, gallon, quart, litre of blood, gas, milk,
oil, wine
foot, inch, yard, metre of cloth, concrete,
material, wire
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 NOUN

Quantifying Nouns

Measure Nouns

ounce, pound, gram, kilo(gram) of –

butter, cheese, flour, gold

ton of aluminium, bricks, ore, sewage

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 NOUN

Plural Numeral Nouns

Used for numbers

Hundred, thousand, million, dozen, and score

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 NOUN

Noun for Large Quantities

a load of fuel, garbage, junk, money, stuff

loads of money, things, work
a mass of detail, material, stuff
masses of homework, money, people

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 NOUN

Pair and Couple

Pair of arms, eyes, glasses, gloves,

hands, pants, pliers, scissors,
shoes, socks

Couple of days, babies, balloons, boys,

examples, hours, kids

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 NOUN

Noun ending in –ful

The noun suffix –ful can be added to almost any

noun that can denote some kind of container

For example:
bowlful, fistful, handful, mouthful, pocketful,
spoonful, teaspoonful

In meaning, these nouns are similar to measure

nouns

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 NOUN

Species nouns

They refer to the type rather than the quantity of

something

Followed by an of-phrase

For example: sort of character, all kinds of

things, types of bond energy, make of machine,
one class of sedimentary rock, species of bacteria

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THANK YOU
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