CRANES

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MOHD. YUSUF

WHAT? WHEN? WHERE?

HOW? WHY?
 1. WHAT?

What is a Crane? What is its purpose?

• A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.

• A crane is a tower that is equipped with cables and pulleys that are used to lift and lower material.
They are commonly used in the construction industry and in the manufacturing of heavy equipment.

Source: Google images

• They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the crane, by a push A CRANE
button pendant control station, or by radio type controls.

2. WHEN?

When were cranes invented?

• There are many different crane types available on the market, from small portable cranes to
large tower cranes.
• Each model has its own unique characteristics, specifications and it is used for a particular
lifting task.
• Beside construction, the cranes are used in many different industry sectors, like manufacturing
and transport industry. Source: Google images

• The cranes make any lifting and construction job to be completed quickly and effectively.
• An 1856 photo of Cologne Cathedral,
These machines have been used since ancient times, and the following text will present you a
Germany, then unfinished, with a 15th-
brief history about the crane evolution and how the crane was used throughout the years.
century crane on south tower.
• A crane for lifting heavy loads was developed by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC.
3. WHEN?

HISTORY
• Archeological evidence show that the ancient Greek temples and the Egyptian
pyramids were constructed with the help of an ancient crane model.

• The ancient crane models were consisted of a rope which was passed over a pulley.

• One major improvement in the crane design emerged in the 4th century B.C. and that
was the compound pulley.

• The ancient Romans adopted the Greek crane model and created even
Source: Google images
much better crane capable to lift even more heavy materials and items.
Medieval (15th century) port crane for
• The Roman Trispastos was one specific crane model consisted of one beam mounting masts and lifting cargo
of jib, winch, ropes and a block with three pulleys.

• It has been calculated that the Trispastos was capable to lift items up to

150kg.

• The Romans developed also more powerful cranes which were known as
Pentaspastos and Polyspastos. These ancient cranes were capable to lift
loads up to 3000kg and 6000kg.

Source: Google images

Greco-Roman Pentaspastos ("Five-pulley-

crane"), a medium-sized variant (c. 450 kg
load)

•During the Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane

was invented and heavily used for the
construction of different kind of solid structures.

•The treadwheel crane played a vital role in the

Source: Google images Source: Google images construction of the Gothic cathedrals all over
Reconstruction of a 10.4m high Europe during the Middle Ages.
Roman Polyspastos at Bonn, Germany THE ARMSTRONG MITCHELL CRANE
PARTS OF A CRANE PARTS

• The crane truck consists of the basic truck portion with an

attached portion that comprises the crane and its operation.
Since it is the crane itself that is so unique, following are the
basic parts and descriptions of the crane portion of a crane
truck:

• Boom

• The crane boom is the easiest feature to recognize and the most
essential part of a crane truck. This is the crane’s arm that lifts
and/or lowers heavy materials. Per the above, it can operate
three different ways which defines the specifics of the crane
boom for each type of operation.

• Jib

• The jib is an extension of the crane boom that extends out or

telescopes to give greater length to the boom and allows for
higher lifting capability.

• Rotex Gear

• The rotex gear is located under the cab or crane cabin and
allows the cab to rotate or turn the boom by means of a
hydraulic motor.

• Operator’s Cab (Crane Cabin)

• The operator’s cab is attached to the top of the deck,

right on top of the rotex gear that allows for the cabin to
turn. Inside the cab is the operator’s chair, electrical
equipment and the crane’s control panel.

• Detachable Counterweights

• Detachable counterweights are placed on the crane’s

back and help prevent the crane from being unbalanced
during the lifting operation. There is a specific formula to
help determine how much counterweight is needed
based upon the boom radius, load weight and operational
boom angle.

• Outriggers

• The outrigger provides the stability and balance

necessary to operate the crane by providing balance to
Source: Google images
prevent the crane from leaning or overturning. An
outrigger has three parts: the beam or leg; the pad or
foot and sometimes the float. 
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane must not topple; third, the crane must not rupture.

• Cranes illustrate the use of one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage.

• The lever—A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point called the fulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a
heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the
beam.

• The pulley—A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley block. Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed
block and round another block attached to the load.

• The hydraulic cylinder—This can be used directly to lift the load, or indirectly to move the jib or beam that carries another lifting device.

TYPES OF CRANES

Telescopic Mobile Tower Cantilever Gantry Aerial Crawler

cranes Cranes Cranes Cranes Cranes Cranes Cranes

Source: Google images

Telescopic Cranes Mobile Cranes

Mobile cranes are mounted on a mobile platform like rail or a wheeled
• Telescopic cranes one of the forms of heavy cranes truck. Mobile cranes are designed for easy transporting of loads to a site.
employed to transport and move objects from one
These cranes generally operate a boom from the end of which a hook is
place to another. Telescopic cranes are often used in
routine hauling operations at ports. Telescopic cranes suspended by sheaves and wire rope. The wire ropes are operated by
are equipped with height adjustments because of prime movers, operating through several transmissions. Mobile cranes
which the problems related to height are solved while are used to lift heavy objects. Mobile crane services provide the flexibility
transferring goods from one place to another. to access those sites that are difficult for other types of cranes to access.
Tower Cranes Cantilever Cranes
Cantilever Cranes run on an aerial runway. This
The tower crane is a modern German-designed crane consists of a strong, steel-
form of a balance crane. braced central tower on which a mighty double
When fixed to the ground, cantilever beam is fitted. The forward section of
tower cranes will often give this arm contains the lifting machinery, while rear
the best combination of section contains a counterbalancing weight. The
height and lifting capacity primary function of cantilever cranes is to lift and
and are also used when transfer loads via a rotational movement of the
constructing tall buildings. cantilevered cross beam. USES:

Inferences Floor Mounted Type: This is the most commonly used Jib crane. Floor mounted jib
• These cranes surpass the loading and lifting capacity of any crane is a self-supporting jib crane having a vertical mast mounted on a concrete
other crane in the world. foundation. These types of cranes are generally used to share the load of main
• Their height capacity can’t be matched by any other type cranes. 
of crane. Wall mounted type (fixed): This type of crane is mounted horizontally on the wall
• They have an incredible stability and can bear the hardest and instead of a vertical shaft has a RCC column bracket mounting. The hoist
tasks. mechanism is similar to the floor mounted type, but without a vertical boom.
• Very expensive. Wall mounted type (travelling): The construction of this type is similar to that of
• Requires time, effort and money when shifted from one fixed type with the only difference that the crane is able to cover the lengthwise area
place to another. near the building columns without obstruction at floor level. The crane’s columns are
specially designed and the crane instead of rotating, moves along a runway track
suspended along building columns.

Gantry Cranes Crawler Cranes

Crawler cranes are the special types of cranes
• Gantry crane is a crane fitted with caterpillar tracks are used on soft and
on the top of the gantry. boggy ground where wheeled are unable to
Gantry is a structure used operate. This crane is very stable as it has a very
to straddle an object.
broad base and tracking spreads over a large
They use a hoist installed
area.
in fixed machinery
consisting of a rail
framework. These cranes
employ a strong overhead Use of mobile cranes:
gantry to lift heavy Doesn’t Require A Lot Of Space:  Usually the construction sites are large
industrial loads. Gantry enough for the heavy equipment that’s being used to move easily. But, the
cranes are widely used in mobile crane on the other hand, needs just a part of the working area to
factories, shipyards, and successfully perform the lifting tasks.
similar commercial Tough Enough To Handle Various Lifting Tasks:  Although the mobile
places. crane is significantly smaller when compared to other crane types, it is capable
Aerial Cranes and powerful enough to lift heavy objects like the tower crane. With its multiple
An aerial crane also known as flying crane is a helicopter used for axles and advanced hydraulic power, the mobile crane can still lift heavy
lifting heavy loads like containers and other awkward loads. objects and materials to great heights. Therefore, with the mobile crane, the
Aerial cranes are mostly used in remote or inaccessible areas power is not an issue when it comes to lifting and moving objects at the
such as a building or mountain tops. Lifting operation using aerial construction site.
cranes is often called a long line because a single sling line is Faster Set Up : The time required for installing a mobile crane on a
used to carry the load. construction site is very short. These types of cranes need just a little space to
be stabilized. This means that work can be completed much faster.
 • Ability to change the height
of the lift by changing out Suspension Types
the chain.

ADVANTAGE
• Space saving design. Hook Mounted
Hand chain
Operation manual
Types
• Portable .
The hoisting motion of hand • Capacity up to 25- tons . Hook mounted hoists have a top hook on
chain manually operated hoists the hoist frame or body that can be used
• Chain can last longer than
is achieved by the operator to suspend the hoist from the clevis or
wire rope. suspension pin of a trolley; or a fixed
grasping and pulling a
continuous hand chain suspension device that will accept the
hook, mounted on a beam or the

DISADVANTAG
suspended from the hoist.
• Limited lifting speed. structural framework of a building.
Hand chain consists of a series • Noisier operation.

E
of interwoven formed welded • May be problematic at Hook mounted hoists normally have only
or unwelded links according to welded link load chain or roller load chain
heights above 20 feet.
the design specifications of the as the lifting medium, because the load
hand chain. chain lifting medium is always in line with
the top hook.
Electric Power • Heavier load capacity. Hook mounted hoists include: hand chain
• As compare to manual or manually operated chain hoists, electric

ADVANTAGE
The hoisting motion (lifting hydraulic counterparts, chain hoists and air chain hoists.
or lowering) of electric electric hoists operate more
powered hoists is achieved quietly.
by the operator grasping • Increased productivity. Lug Mounted
and activating a control • Increased durability.
device. • Reduced work related cost.
Lug mounted hoists have a lug mounting attached to
the top of the hoist frame, or a lug mounting attached

DISADVANTAGE
as an integral part of the hoist frame.
• Expensive initial cost. Lug mounted hoists are available in all hoist types.
• Risk of short circuits.
Lug mounted hoists are suspended from a trolley,
beam or structural framework by the use of
suspension pin(s) or stud(s).
Pneumatic (Air) Power Trolley
Mounted
The hoisting motion (lifting or • They won’t take up too much
lowering) of pneumatic (air) space.
ADVANTAGE

powered hoists is achieved by the Trolley mounted hoists are hook

• It keeps costs down.
operator grasping and activating a
control device. • Cheap initial installations.
• Ease of maintenance
• Loud, leakes and water.
• Requires installation of air-
DISADVANTAGE
mounted, clevis mounted or lug
mounted hoists suspended from a
trolley or trolleys; or a hoist having an
integral trolley as part of the hoist
frame, that allows travel motion on
the lower flange of a monorail beam,

producing equipment. or the lower flange of the bridge

beam of an overhead crane.
MARKET SURVEY

Sellers in Lucknow

TYPE OF SELLER SELLER LOCATION LIFTING MAXIMU LIFTING PRICE

HOIST NAME CAPACITY M HEIGHT SPEED
1.Monke Accurate Arish Aminabad 0-1 ton 4-6 m Up to 2 Rs.
y hoist FMCG Hp 75,00
lift Private Ltd. motor 0 /set
power
2.4 Pole Aditya Muhamma Jagat 0-1 ton 2-4 m
mobile Constructio d Abrar Narain TOWER CRANE
hoist n
Machinery
Road SHALIMAR
APARTMENT
3.Monke Spartech Gomtinaga 3-6 ton 100 ft 5 Hp 3 Rs.
y hoist const. r phase 85,00
equipment 0/ set
s private
Ltd.

4.See Lucknow Faizabad 1000 kg 250 ft 23.5 Rs.7.5

Saw equipment road per cage m/min lakh/
hoist services unit

Site survey
Site survey
HOUSING
SITE

ELECTRIC OVERHEAD
TRAVELLING CRANE
(DOUBLE GIRDER)
IIM ROAD`