Valencia Colleges Inc.

Graduate Studies – Master of Arts in Teaching major in Social Studies

COURSE:
Research Methods

Presentation on: Writing a Research Report

Prepared by: Windel Beth Zafra- Torino
Section 13: WRITING A Presented by:

RESEARCH REPORT Windel Beth Zafra Torino

What is a research report? Research

A research report is an outcome of a

scientific investigation and its purpose is
to convey information contained in the
report to the reader or audience.

Considerations:
 readability
 comprehensibility
 tone
 • CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
Major • CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
parts of a • CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURES
Research • CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
Report INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction

- background, research status, rationale and purposes.

- Leads to the statements of the problems.
- Indicate why the study has to be conducted, what the
problem is all about and what will be covered in the
study.
- Should present in a convincing fashion the jurisdictions of
the choice of problem or topic to be investigated.
- Conflicting evidences, questionable principles or practices
on the subject are critically explained.
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
Theoretical Framework

-Includes theories and principles that provide the

bases for the present study.
-Legal bases such as Republic Acts, Presidential
Decrees, Memorandum Orders, and Laws are
incorporated.
- Serves as a guide to systematically identify logical,
precisely defined relationships among variables
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND

Conceptual Framework
- This consists of concepts that are placed within a
logical and sequential design.
- represents less formal structure and used for studies in
which existing theory is inapplicable or insufficient.
- based on specific concepts and propositions, derived
from empirical observation and intuition
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
Statement of the Problem

- Embodies a very significant contribution to the

researcher’s field in particular and the needs of
the society in general.
- should be stated precisely, clearly, briefly and
unambiguously
- Represent relevant and timely issues that are
worth investigating
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND

Hypotheses
- Conjectural statements of relationships or differences
between two or more variables
- Must be brief, clear and testable and should provide
suggested answers to the problems.
- hypotheses are statements about relationships
between variables.
- hypotheses carry clear implications for testing the
stated relationships.
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
Significance of the Study

- Describe the relevance of the study in terms of its academic

contribution and practical use
- Elaborates on the importance and implication of the study
- Always stated as a suggestion or intended expectation from
the study.
- The researcher should identify potential parties and how
they may benefit from the study
- State the contribution of the study and usefulness to the
society
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND
Scope, Delimitation and Limitations of the Study

- Describe the extent of the study

- Sets the delimitations and establishes the
boundaries of the study.
- A limitation is a phase or aspect of the investigation
which may affect the result adversely but over
which the researcher has no control; must be
declared honestly
CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND

Definition of Terms

- Presents the operational definition of terms used

- Definitions should be concise and unambiguous
- Must delineate the dependent and independent
variable
 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE & STUDIES
Review of Related Literature & Studies

- Serves as guide in the formulation of the problem and

methodology of the study.
- Enables to gather salient and relevant information necessary
to enrich and support the development of theoretical and
conceptual framework
- Should include critical comparisons, contrasts and analogies
covering theories, concepts, facts and ideas cited by authorities
 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE & STUDIES

1. Thematic organization - based on themes.

- Ex. “Studies on Academic Achievement”, “Studies on Job
Satisfaction”
2. Chronological organization - based on periods or episodes
Ex. topics of an historical nature
3. Site organization - according to foreign or local setting.
Ex.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE
Research Design

- Must contain adequate description on the

appropriateness of the chosen research design for the
solution of the problem.
- Describe with sufficient clarity as to permit other
researchers to replicate the study.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE
Research project
Exploratory research Conclusive research
components
General: to generate insights about a Specific: to verify insights and aid in
Research purpose
situation selecting a course of action
Data needs vague clear
Data sources ill defined well defined

Data collection form open-ended, rough usually structured

relatively small; subjectively selected relatively large; objectively selected to

Sample
to maximize generalization of insights permit generalization of findings
Data collection flexible; no set procedure rigid; well-laid-out procedure
Data analysis informal; typically non-quantitative formal; typically quantitative
Inferences/
more tentative than final more final than tentative
Recommendations
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Research Environment

- Research locale or research setting

- Capsule presentation of the population, structure,
topography, physical or socio-economic-political conditions
of the place of study should be kept in mind.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Sources of Data

- Respondents are those persons who have been invited

to participate in a particular study and have actually
taken part in the study
- describes the respondents or subjects of the study
- Brief description of the population is given together
with the figures indicating number of respondents
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Sampling Procedure

- Describes how the subjects are selected from a target

population.
- Should describe the step-by-step procedure on how the
sample size is determined and how the actual samples are
taken.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Data-Gathering Procedure

- Clearly narrates where, when and how the data were

obtained by the researcher.
- If there is a need for permission to concerned authorities, the
researcher should duly mention.
- Describe data-gathering instruments.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Research Instruments

- Includes how the validity and reliability of the

instruments are established.
- Provide proofs of the validity and reliability
- Present the description, adoption, construction, necessary
modifications, administrations and scoring procedure of
the instruments.
 CHAPTER 3. METHOD & PROCEDURE

Statistical Treatment

- Presents the different statistical tools or techniques used

- Tools should be appropriate for answering the research
questions.
- Should be appropriate for the type of data gathered
 CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
& INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation

- Presents and discuss the results and findings of the study.

- Tables and figures should be discussed clearly and
substantially.
- In analyzing and interpreting data, consistent and inconsistent
with the theory presented in the theoretical framework should
be pointed out.
- In reporting statistical tests of significance, information
concerning the values of the tests, the degrees of freedom, the
probability level and the direction of the effect should be
included.
 CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
& INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation
- Relate the findings of the study in the light of the
previous findings.
- If previous findings are not available, the present
findings may be supported by theories and readings.
- Beware using opinionated, conclusive and sweeping
statements without citing well-known theorist and
experts.
 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION
Summary

- Presents thorough summary of the study – problems,

methodology and findings.
- Should be enumerated in a systematic manner and
presented adequately.
 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion

- Should dovetail with the findings of the study.

- It indicates whether hypothesis were accepted or rejected
- Should mention the importance of the findings in terms
of theoretical and practical applications
- The purpose of this section is to evaluate interpret the
result, especially with respect to the original research
question.
 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION
Implication

- Presents the summary of implications corresponding to the

different findings of the study.
- Implications are the meanings of the conclusions for the
body of knowledge, theory and practice.
- According to Calderon and Gonzales (1993), existence of a
condition; probable cause of the condition, probable effect
of the condition, measure to remedy the unsatisfactory
condition, specific entity involved.
 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation

- Must be addressed to the persons, offices or authorities in

the position to implement such recommendations.
- Avenues for further research must be suggested.
 OTHERS
Preliminaries Title Page

Title Page 1. Signifies a very timely &

Approval sheet significant contribution to the
Acknowledgement needs of an agency
Dedication 2. Adequately conveys what the
Abstract study is all about
Executive Summary 3. Indicates the major variables
covered.
Table of Contents
4. Expresses key ideas expected
List of Tables
to be in the research
List of Figures
outcome.
List of Appendices
5. Gives an indication of the
research method used.
 OTHERS
Approval Sheet Acknowledgement

- Expressions of
- Space for the
appreciation for support,
signatures of the assistance, guidance and
research professor, generosity.
department chair, and - First or third person may
the dean to indicate be used.
their acceptance of the
work.
 OTHERS
Abstract
- Give a thorough & brief
summary including the purposes,
methodology used, findings &
recommendations.
- One or two page descriptive
summary of the study, not a
repetition of Chapter 1 or 5.
Table of Contents
- This lists all the elements
with their respective
pages.
- The numbering of pages,
wording, capitalization
and punctuation should
be exactly as they
appear in the next.
 OTHERS
Bibliography
- Lists the different
references used in the study
such as books,
encyclopedias, dictionaries,
journals, magazines,
periodical, theses and
dissertations (published or
not), legal bases and
websites.
Appendices
- Includes pertinent
papers and materials
related to the study
- Includes authorization
letter, letter of
transmittal, research
instruments, statistical
breakdown,
bibliographical sketch.
 Finished!!!
You did it!!!