Human

anatomy and
Physiology

Prepared by: BSN 4-2

Angela Katrina B. Mangahas
Charisse L. Puno
HUMAN ANATOMY
study of structure of body:
- the branch of science that
studies the physical
structure of a human body
 PHYSIOLOGY
• study of functioning of
living things: the branch
of biology that deals with
the internal workings of
living things, including
functions such as
metabolism, respiration,
and reproduction.
Organ System
A. Integumentary System
Structures
Skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Apocrine gland
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Arrector pili muscle
• Eccrine sweat gland
• Melanocytes
• Hair
• Nails
Functions
• Protect
• Fluid balance
• Absorption
• Synthesis of Vitamin D
• Sensation/communication
with external environment
• Thermoregulation
• Immunity
• Excretion
 B. Respiratory
System
• Functions
• Nasal cavity: warms,
humidifies, and filters air
• Pharynx: passageway
between nose and larynx,
and mouth and esophagus
• Larynx: passageway;
contains voice box
• Trachea: airway between
larynx and bronchi
• Bronchi: airways with
primary, secondary, and
tertiary branches
• Bronchioles: transitional
airways; some gas
exchange occurs here
• Alveolar ducts and sacs:
functional units for gas
exchange
-Pleura: serous protective
lining of the lungs; reduces
friction and helps maintain
negative pressure
C. Cardiovascular System
Functions
• Heart: four chambers (right and left
atria and ventricles), double pump
• Atria (right and left): pump blood to
the ventricles
• Arteries: carry blood away from the
heart
• Veins: carry blood toward the heart

• Ventricles: right pumps blood to

pulmonary circulation; left pumps
blood to systemic circulation
• Valves: AV valves (the tricuspid and
mitral), Semilunar valves (the
pulmonic and aortic)
D. Gastrointestinal System
 Function
• Stomach: churns food, intrinsic
factor for B12, hydrochloric acid
begins digestion
• Small intestines: primary site
for digestion
• Large intestines:
• Liver: metabolism; produces
bile, clotting factors; detoxifies
drugs & alcohol; converts
glucose to glycogen; stores
vitamins
• Pancreas: produces insulin and
glucagon, pancreatic enzymes
absorbs sodium and water
• Gall bladder: stores and
concentrates bile
• Spleen: stores RBCs,
produces RBCs and
macrophages
• Bladder: stores urine
• Kidneys: remove wastes,
help control B/P, produces
erythropoietin
E. FEMALE GENITOURINARY
SYSTEM
Functions
• Mons pubis:
subcutaneous pad over
symphysis pubis for
protection
• Labia majora/minora:
folds of adipose and
connective tissue that
protect and lubricate
external genitalia
• Clitoris: erectile tissue for
sexual stimulation
• Urinary meatus: opening to
urethra
• Skene’s glands: lubricate
and protect
• Vaginal introitus: opening
of the vagina
• Vagina: muscular tube for
copulation, birth canal, and
menses
• Bartholin’s glands:
• Cervix: end of the uterus
into vagina
• Uterus: hollow, muscular
organ; site for fertilized egg
implantation; protects fetus
• Tubes: passage for ovum to
uterus, site of fertilization
• Ovaries: produce ova,
estrogen, and progesterone
• Kidneys: filter and excrete
wastes
• Ureter: connects kidneys
to bladder
• Bladder: hollow muscular
structure; holds urine
• Urethra: connects bladder
to urinary meatus opening
 F. MALE
GENITOURINARY
SYSTEM
• Scrotum: sac that contains
testes
• Testes: produces sperm and
testosterone
• Vas deferens: duct from
epididymis to ejaculatory duct
• Spermatic cord: protective
sheath around the vas deferens
• Seminal vesicles: produce
70% of semen
• Bulbourethral gland: secretes
alkaline substance to neutralize
vaginal secretions
• Prostate: produces 20%
of semen
• Epididymis: stores sperm
until it is mature
• Kidney: filters blood and
removes wastes
• Ureter: tube connecting
kidney to bladder
• Bladder: hollow, muscular
structure, holds urine
• Urethra: passageway for
urine
• Penis: male sex organ and
urine elimination
• Glans penis: important for
sexual arousal
• Inguinal area: canal for
vas deferens from scrotum
through the abdominal
muscles, inguinal lymph
nodes
G. MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
• Bones (206): structure;
protection; act as levers;
produce blood cells; store
calcium
• Muscles (650): allow for
movement and position;
produce heat
• Joints: point of articulation of
two bones; provide ROM
• Tendons: connect muscle to
bone
• Ligament: connects bone to
bon
• Cartilage: supports and shapes;
acts as a shock absorber
• Bursae: sacs filled with synovial
fluid; cushion and reduce friction
between joints e
Types of Joints
• Pivot Condyloid
• Ball and socket
• Hinge
• Plane/gliding
• Saddle
G. NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Structures
• Cerebrum • Meninges
• Frontal lobe• Cortex
• Limbic • Temporal
system lobe
• Occipital • Parietal
lobe lobe
• Thalamus • RAS
• Cerebellum • Medulla
• Midbrain • Ventricles
Functions
• Cerebrum: largest part of
brain
• Cortex: outer layer of
cerebrum; controls most
conscious processes
• Frontal lobe: emotional
expression, Broca’s area
(expressive language)
• Temporal lobe: hearing,
taste, smell, memory,
Wernicke’s (language
comprehension)
• Limbic system: emotions,
sexual arousal, behavioral
expression, recent memory
• Parietal: sensory input
• Occipital lobe: vision and
spatial relationships
• RAS: wakefulness
• Thalamus: clusters
multiple sensory stimuli
• Hypothalamus: controls
autonomic nervous system
and pituitary gland
• Cerebellum: coordination,
equilibrium
• Brainstem: involuntary
survival behaviors; includes
midbrain, medulla and pons
• Midbrain: visual, auditory,
pupils, and eye movements
• Medulla: regulates heart,
respiratory rates, B/P, and
protective reflexes
• Pons: helps with respiratory
function, facial sensation and
movement
• Meninges: three layers
(pia, arachnoid, dura);
protect brain and spinal
cord
• Ventricles: four cavities;
capillaries produce and
reabsorb CSF
12 CRANIAL NERVES
In C
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
Orientation and Directional
Terms
ABDOMINAL REGION
ABDOMINAL REGIONS
Thank You for listening!!!