Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Research
1.Ethnography
2.Phenomenology
3.Grounded Theory
4.Case Study
5.Narrative
6.Historical
Qualitative Research Designs-
are good at answering “How?’
and ‘What?’ questions (in
contrast to the ‘Whether’ or ‘If’
queries commonly addressed by
quantitative research.
Ethnography- is the direct
description of a group,
culture or community
--a method within the
social anthropological
tradition
Ethnography
The research methods are as follows:
Immerse themselves in the culture or
subculture they study and try to see the
world from a cultural member’s point of
view. Data are collected during fieldwork
through participant observation and
interviews with the key informants as well
as through documents. Researchers observe
the rules and rituals in the culture and try
to understand the meaning and
interpretation that informants give them.
They compare these with their
own ethnic view and explore
the differences between the
two.
Field notes are written
throughout the fieldwork
about events and behavior in
the setting.
Ethnographers describe,
analyze and interpret the
culture and the local, ethnic
perspective of its members
while making their own ethnic
interpretations.
The main evaluative criterion
is the way in which the study
presents the culture as
experienced by its members.
Example
Turgo, Nelson. (2012) carried out
an ethnographic study of a
fishing community in the
Philippines in the context of a
dwindling fisheries resource and
in relation to the community’s
contemporary social and
political structure, values and
local issues.
Example
It considers the everyday life of the
fishing community; the realms of
power; gender and economic
relations; and how these relations
are played out among and between
fishers and their wives, fish vendors,
dealers and brokers as the
community experiences dramatic
changes in the local economy.
Example
While the study focuses on a very local orientation, it
takes cognizance of the community’s enrollment in a
bigger polity: national and global economic and
political spaces. Thus, the study focuses upon what
local life means and exemplifies in the epoch of
globalization and how local practices are instantiated
amidst talk of a fast globalizing world. It highlights
the enduring importance of the local linked in this
case to the people in the fishing community’s relative
immobility and marginal position in the sphere of the
Philippine economy in particular and the global
economy in general.
Research Titles:
A ‘Balikbayan’ in the field: Scaling (Re)
producing insider’s identity in a Philippines
fishing community.
The Kinship of Everyday Need: Relatedness
and Survival in a Philippine Fishing
Community
Bagong Silang Community: An Ethnographic
Study of Strategies of Survival
A Story of High School Inclusion: An
Ethnographic Case Study
Grounded Theory (GT)
-an approach that generates and modifies a
theory
-has become ‘a global phenomenon’
-an approach to collecting and analyzing data
-finished product is also called a GT—it is a
development of theory directly based and
grounded in the data collected by the
researcher
-data are usually collected through non-
standardized interviews and participant
observation but also by access to other data
sources.
-data collection and analysis interact
-researchers code and categorize transcripts from
interviews or field notes
-researcher has a dialogue with the literature
when discussing categories
-constant comparison and theoretical sampling
takes place
-memos-theoretical notes-provide the researcher
with developing theoretical ideas
-theory that is generated has ‘exploratory power’
and is grounded in the data
Example
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the
meaning of intimate partner violence from the perceptions of
Filipino men and women.
Research titles
Social Futures of Global Climate Change: A Structural
Phenomenology
The Importance of Feeling Awkward: A Dialogical
Narrative Phenomenology of Socially Awkward
Situations
Social Responsibility: A Phenomenology of
perceived-successful student leadership experience
Emotions in the flesh: A Phenomenology of
Emotions in the lived body
Case Study is a bounded system, a single entity,
a unit around which there are boundaries. It
has a definite quality (time, space, and/or
components comprising the case). It has “no
particular method for data collection or data
analysis.” A case study uses an interpretative
research. It is chosen precisely because
researchers are interested in insight, and
discover rather than the testing of a
hypothesis. Yin defines a case study as an
empirical enquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its real-life
context, especially when the boundaries
between phenomenon and context are not
clearly evident.
Example
Research titles
Internationalizing the Basic Education Curriculum: A
Philippine Case Study
School Viability: A Case Study of Victoria Heights
School in Manila
Entrepreneurial University: A Case Study of De la
Salle- Araneta University, Philippines
Team Effectiveness in an Academic School
Organization: A Multiple Case Study