A

SEMINAR ON

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON AIR

ENVIRONMENT

PRESENTED BY: SHASHIKANT N. SAWANT

M.TECH (ENV. ENGG. SEM-I) {122020011}
V.J.T.I., MUMBAI

GUIDED BY: Dr. ABHAY WAYAL

 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
2.1 Air quality impacts
2.2 Existing air environment condition
2.3 Environmental laws
2.4 Impact prediction
2.5 Impact significance
2.6 Mitigation measures

3. CONCLUSION

REFERENCE
 Analysis of any possible change in the environmental quality, adverse or
beneficial , caused by a developmental project of government or private
company is known as Environmental Impact Assessment.
 As matter of government policy , it is compulsory for any enterprise (
government/private) to include EIA in the planning stage of any developmental
project and submit it to the central government for clearance.
 The primary goal of the EIA procedure is to predict any adverse or beneficial
effects of a project on the natural and urban environment. This is done so that
measures can be taken to minimize or eliminate the harmful impacts when the
project is implemented.
 The prediction or assessment of impacts must be conducted by an
interdisciplinary team including civil engineers and technicians, geologists,
urban planners ,and biologists or ecologists.
 Certain substances may be any gas, liquid, or solid are considered significant
pollutants because of very large emission rates or harmful and unwanted
effects.
 Air quality impacts can be assessed using sophisticated mathematical models
to calculate and predict ground level concentration of pollutants downwind
from sources such as stack.
1. INTRODUCTION
Review: Definition of EIA
Environmental
 Impact Assessment is

A formal process for identifying:

• likely effects of activities or Environment is
projects on the broadly interpreted:
ENVIRONMENT, and on physical, biological,
human health and welfare. and social.

• means and measures to

In EIA, the term
mitigate & monitor these “impacts” is used
impacts instead of “effects
of activities.”
What is an
impact?
What is an impact?

The impact of an activity

is a deviation (a change)The baseline
from the baseline situation is the
situation that is caused existing
by the activity. environmental
situation or
condition in the
absence of the
activity.

The baseline
situation is a key
concept in EIA. EIA PROCEDURE…

5
.

2. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
STEPS.

1.Identification of air quality impacts of proposed

projects

2. description of existing air environment conditions.

3.Procurement of relevant air quality standards and/or

guidelines

4.Impact prediction

5.Assessment of impact significance

6.Identification and incorporation of mitigation

measures.
2.1 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS

 Point sources (stacks)

 Line sources (roads)
 Area sources (treatment ponds)
 Volume sources (buildings)
 Biogenics

About 60% of the emissions are

from point sources
 Air Quality Monitoring

Parameters Monitored

Criteria Pollutants
- SPM, SO2, RSPM/PM10, NOx,
CO, Pb

Specific Pollutants
- Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene / Xylene / Toluene
Ground level ozone
(24 hourly, 8 hourly, 1 hourly)
 2.2 EXISTING AIR ENVIRONMENT CONDITION
I. MAJOR CITIES

(DELHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI, CHENNAI, AHMEDABAD, BANGALORE,

HYDERABAD, PUNE, KANPUR).-----VEHICLES, SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUST

II. PROBLEM AREA

AREA TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES

SINGRAULI - POWER PLANTS, MINING,

ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.
KORBA - POWER PLANTS, ALUMINIUM
INDUSTRY, MINING.
VAPI / - CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.
ANKALESHWAR
GREATER COCHIN - OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL,
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
VISAKHAPATNAM - OIL REFINERY, CHEMICAL, STEEL
PLANTS.
HOWRAH - FOUNDRY, REROLLING MILLS,
VEHICLES.
DURGAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, POWER
PLANTS, STEEL PLANTS .
 AREA TYPES OF
INDUSTRIES
MANALI - OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
, FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

CHEMBUR - REFINERIES, POWER PLANT,

FERTILIZER INDUSTRY.

MANDI -SECONDARY STEEL GOBINDGARH

INDUSTRY

DHANBAD - MINING, COKE OVEN.

PALI COTTON TEXTILE, DYEING.

NAGAFGARH DRAIN POWER PLANTS, VEHICLES.

BASIN

ANGUL-TALCHER - MINING, ALUMINIUM PLANTS,

THERMAL POWER PLANTS.
AREAS TYPE OF INDUSTRY

BHADRAVATI - IRON & STEEL, PAPER INDUSTRY

KARNATAKA

DIGBOI -OIL REFINERY

JODHPUR - COTTON TEXTILE, DYE

KALA-AMB - PAPER, ELECTROPLATING

NAGDA-RATLAM - VISCOSE RAYON, CAUSTIC, DYES

DISTILLERY

NORTH ARCOT - TANNERIES

PARWANOO FOOD PROCESSING UNIT

ELECTROPLATING

PATANCHERU- - ORGANIC CHEMICAL, PAINTS

BOLLARAM PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

TARAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

 REASONS FOR HIGH AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA

 POOR QUALITY OF FUEL (COAL, DIESEL, PETROL , FUEL OIL)

 OLD PROCESS TECHNOLOGY (SPECIALLY IN S.S.I.)

 WRONG SITING OF INDUSTRIES

 NO POLLUTION PREVENTIVE STEP TAKEN (EARLY STAGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION )

 POOR VEHICLE DESIGN (2-STROKE)

 UNCONTROLLED GROWTH OF VEHICLE POPULATION I ALL MAJOR CITIES/TOWNS.

 NO POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM IN SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTR

.

 POOR COMPLIANCE OF STANDARD

VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA

High vehicle density in Indian urban centers

Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage
Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities
Predominance of two stroke two wheelers
Adulteration of fuel & fuel products
Improper traffic management system & road conditions
High levels of pollution at traffic intersections
Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intra-city
railway networks
High population exodus to the urban centers
Emission Estimates
Cement Others
Thermal
7% 1%
Sugar Power
10% Plants
82%

Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load

(tonnes/day) by Different Categories of
Industries (With Control Device), Total Load =
5365 tonnes/day
 Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load ( tonnes/day)
by Different Categories of Industries
(Total Load = 3715 tonnes/day)

Sulphuric Acid
Oil Refineries Plants
3% 2% Others
1%
Steel
5%

Thermal Power
Plants
89%
ESTIMATED AIR POLLUTION LOAD IN MAJOR CITIES

CITY POLLUTION LOAD NUMBER OF ON-

(TONNES/DAY) ROAD VEHICLES
(LAKHS)

Delhi 2686 34.25

Mumbai 885 8.4

Bangalore 971 12.4
Kolkata 449 6.6
Chennai 786 11.5
Ahmedabad 638 7.8
Hyderabad - 1123 10.99
Secunderabad
CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT
AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES

Domestic Industrial Vehicular

8%
20%

72%
FUEL SHARE IN INDIA

GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG/ELEC

 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,1977
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Atomic Energy Act of 1982
Motor Vehicles Act ,1988
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
Public Liability Insurance Act (PLIA), 1991
National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
 Sensitive areas – sensitive area may include the following:
1) 10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution
Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned
state.

2) 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national
parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states.

3) 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of

national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution
Control Boards.

4) Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the

agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control
Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state.

5) 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their
religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism
of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards.
2.4 IMPACT PREDICTION
 Emissions from industrial stacks are regulated to
protect human and environmental health
 Industrial facilities are required to obtain permits
to emit into the atmosphere and to demonstrate
their compliance with regulations
 In the process of applying for permits, dispersion
models are generally used to assess the impact of
point source emission
Typical Velocity, and Plume Shapes
 The air quality modeling procedures can be categorized
into four generic classes: Gaussian, numerical, statistical
or empirical and physical
 The emphasis is on Gaussian-plume type models for
continuous releases, which are at the core of most U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory
models
 Gaussian models are the most widely used techniques for
estimating the impact of nonreactive pollutants

2.5 Air Quality Models

 A dispersionmodel is essentially a computational
procedure for predicting concentrations downwind of a
pollutant source

Routinely used in:

 Environmental impact assessments
 Risk analysis
 Emergency planning

Dispersion Model
Plume Dispersion by Gaussian Distribution and Coordinate
System
 The model is based on our knowledge of the
following parameters:
The emissions characteristics (stack exit velocity, plume
rise, temperature, stack diameter)
Terrain (surface roughness, local topography, nearby
buildings)
State of the atmosphere (wind speed, stability, mixing
height, wind direction)

Model Parameters
Horizontal Dispersion Coefficient as a Function of Downwind Distance from Source
Vertical Dispersion Coefficient as a Function of Downwind Distance from Source
VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA

Euro-III (Country)
Euro-IV (metros)
Euro-II (Country)
2010
Euro-III (7 megacities)
Euro-I equivalent (Country)
2005
Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)

2nd set norms 2000

notified /01
Emission norms for 1996
catalytic vehicles

1st set norms 1995

notified

1990
 1.limitations on practice of open burning of agricultural crop
residues.
 2. control of wind erosion from open land by watering, use of
chemical stabilizer and wind breaks. Also
 vegetative cover.
 3.air pollution control equipment can be used for point sources of
emission. Such as
 i) cyclones
 ii) fabric filters
 iii) electrostatic precipitators
 iv) scrubbers
 v) incineration or carbon adsorption
 vi) flue gas desulfurization


2.6 mitigation measures

 Principle
• The particles are removed by the application of a centrifugal
force. The polluted gas stream is forced into a vortex. the
motion of the gas exerts a centrifugal force on the particles, and
they get deposited on the inner surface of the cyclones

1.Cyclones
2. Fabric Filters

 Principle
 The filters retain particles larger than the mesh size
 Air and most of the smaller particles flow through. Some of the
smaller particles are retained due to interception and diffusion.
 The retained particles cause a reduction in the mesh size.
The primary collection is on the layer of previously deposited
particles.
3. Electrostatic Precipitator

Principle
 The particles in a polluted gas stream are charged by passing
them through an electric field.
 The charged particles are led through collector plates
 The collector plates carry charges opposite to that on the
particles
 The particles are attracted to these collector plates and are thus
removed from the gas steam
 Adsorption Towers

 Thermal Incernation

 Catalytic Combustion
Air Correction Equipment for Gases and
Vapors

Air Pollution Control For Gases

 Air impact can be presented in a six step methodology
for addressing the impacts of proposed projects or plans
,program or policies .

These steps provide a general framework which can be used-

1.as a guide to study planning and construction
2.as an indication of areas for which more detailed
information will be necessary
3. to discuss a study with a contractor or sponsor and
develop appropriate term of reference.
4. to review impact study work done by others.

Conclusion
 1.John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick,
“Introduction of Environmental Impact Assessment”
Routledge Tayler & Francis group,3rd edition,2006.

 2.Cooper, C.D.,and Alley,f.c.,”air pollution control: a design

approach. 2nd edition, waveland press,inc., prospects
heights,IL,1994.

 3.jerry A. Nathanson,p.e,”Basic Environmental Technology

“prentice hall, new jersy,2nd edition,1997.

 4.Barker J.R and Tingey, D.T,”Air pollution effects on

biodiversity”, van Nostrand Reinhold, new york,1991

Reference