CELL-ebrate Science!!!

January 2017
Cell Theory:

All organisms are made up of one or more

cells.

The cell is the basic unit of organization in

organisms.

All cells come from cells.

Unicellular: made of a single
cell

Multicellular: consisting of
many cells
Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are
organisms whose cells
lack a nucleus.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms
with cells that contain a
nucleus.

The four kingdoms of Eukrayotes:

Protists, Fungi, Plants, & Animals.
Cellular Organization

Plant cells:
The cells of plants, algae, fungi, and
most bacteria are enclosed in a cell
wall.
Cell Walls are tough, rigid outer
coverings that protect cells and give
them shape.
Cellular Organization

Animal Cells:
The protective layer surrounding
every cell is the cell membrane. The
cell membrane is the outermost
covering of a cell unless a cell wall is
present.
Cellular Organization
Cells are filled with a gelatin-like
substance called cytoplasm that
constantly flows inside the cell
membrane. Most of a cell’s life
processes occur in the cytoplasm.
Cellular Organization

Within the cytoplasm of

the eukaryotic cells are
structures called
organelles.
The Control
Center:
Nucleus is a dense area
in a cell that contains
nucleic acid.
Cellular Organization
The largest organelle in
the animal cell is the
nucleus.

All cellular activities are

directed by the nucleus.

A structure called a
nucleolus is found in the
nucleus and is where most
ribosomes are made.
 Cellular Organization
Cells make their own protein on small
organelles called ribosomes.

Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or

are attached on the Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Organelles that process, transport
and store
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a
series of folded membranes in
which materials can be
processed and moved around
inside of the cell.

It extends from the nucleus to

the cell membrane and takes
up a lot of space in the cells.
Organelles that process, transport and
store
After proteins are made in a
cell, they are transferred to
another type of organelle
called the Golgi bodies.

The Golgi bodies are stacked,

flattened membranes that sort
and transport cellular
substances.
Organelles that process Energy
In plant cells, food is made in green
organelles in the cytoplasm called
chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts contain the green

pigment chlorophyll, which gives many
leaves and stems their color.
Organelles that process Energy
Chlorophyll captures light energy
that is used to make a sugar called
glucose.

Mitochondria are known as the

powerhouses of the cell because
they release energy that is needed
by the cell.
Organelles that process, transport and
store
Cells also have
membrane-bound spaces
called vacuoles for
temporary storage of
materials.

A vacuole can store

water, waste products,
food, and other cellular
materials.
Vacoules
In animal cells, there
are few small
vacuoles.

In plant cells, there is

one vacuole and it is
the largest organelle. It
can make up most of
the cell’s volume.
Organelles that recycle
 Organelles called lysosomes contain
digestive chemicals that help break down
food molecules, cell wastes, worn-out
parts, and viruses and bacteria that enter a
cell.

 These chemicals can be released into

vacuoles when needed to break down their
contents. Until then, the lysosomes
membrane prevents the digestive
chemicals inside from leaking into the
cytoplasm and destroying the cell.
Organelles that recycle
Cool Fact:
The lysosome’s membrane disintegrates,
releasing digestive chemicals that quickly
breakdown the tadpole’s tail. These cells are
recycled into the legs of the frog!!!
 Photosynthesis:
True or False?

Nearly all living things obtain

energy either directly or
indirectly from the energy of
sunlight captured during
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’s energy
In plants, this process occurs mostly in the leaves.

Stage 2: Using energy to make food

The cell uses the captured energy to produce
sugars.
The cell needs two raw materials for this stage:
 1. Water
 2. Carbon Dioxide
The Photosynthesis equation:
Photosynthesis: is capturing the sun’s energy to
make food.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -- C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water - sugar + oxygen

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

List the reactants and products of this equation:
Cellular Respiration:
Respiration is the process by which cells
obtain energy from glucose.

During respiration, cells break down

simple food molecules such as sugar and
release the energy they contain.

Respiration in cells is carried out

continuously.
The Respiration equation:
 Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells obtain
energy from glucose. During respiration, cells break down
simple food molecules such as sugar and release the
energy they contain.

 C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 sugar + oxygen -->carbon dioxide + water + energy

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

 List the reactants and products of this equation:
Pass out plant and animal cell
print outs for students to color
and label.