Documente Academic
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Content
• Introduction s
• History
• Anatomy of fascia
• Host defense and infection
• Microbiology and antibiotic therapy
• Stages of infection
• Definition of fascial spaces
• Classification of fascial spaces
• Anatomy of fascial spaces
• Diagnosis of Space infection
• Complications
• Controversies
• Recent advances
• Conclusion
• Reference
Introduction
Space infections of head and neck are very common
in Oral and maxillofacial practice. Although most of
the infections can be managed successfully with
minimal or no complication, some can produce
serious morbidity or even death. Depending on the
virulence of microorganisms and host resistance,
bacterial infections have the potential to spread
beyond the bony confines of jaw bones into
surrounding sof tissues.
They flow following the path of least resistance ,
into loose areolar connective tissue of fascia
surrounding the muscles. This tissue is destroyed by
hyaluronidases and collagenases produced by
bacteria, thus opening the potential SPACES
surrounding the muscles. Thus such innocuous
periapical infections have a potential to develop
into life-threatening deep fascial infections.
Early extraction of offending tooth and incision
and drainage tend to shorten the usual course of
infection and minimize the chances of further
complications.
1. Host
2. Environment
3. Microorganism
• Stage I – Inoculation
Time between exposure of microorganism and the first set of
symptoms . During 1-3 days, Swelling is sof, mildly tender,
doughy in consistency
• Stage II – cellulitis
Chronic stage-fistulous/sinus tract or osteomyelitis
During 3-7 days, centre of lesion begins to sofen
Stage III –Afer day 5 underlying abcess undermines
skin or mucosa making it compressible.
(Ref – Moore-
1975)
CLASSIFICATION OF FASCIAL SPACES
GRODINSKY AND HOLYOKE (1938)
BOUNDARIES:-
Clinical features:
Dome shaped swelling on the
anterior aspect of cheek extending
anteroposteriorly from corner of
mouth to angle of mandible and
superoinferiorly from level of
zygomatic arch to inferior border of
mandible.
• CONTENTS OF BUCCAL SPACE:-
• Buccal pad of fat
• Stensons (Parotid duct)
• Anterior and transverse facial artery and vein.
Neighboring spaces-
Infraorbital, pterygomandibular,
infratemporal space
TREATMENT:- (I & D)
• Antibiotic prophylaxis.
• Intra oral horizontal vestibular
incision.
• Extra oral (2 stab) incisions
below the lower border of the
mandible with No. 11 blade.
• Drainage – Hemostat is passed
from anterior incision and
taken out from the posterior
incision then the rubber drain
is inserted and secured with
pins and dressing is done.
Canine space / Infraorbital space
Boundaries –
• Antibiotic prophylaxis
• Incision is made intraorally high in the
maxillary labial vestibule.
• Small hemostat is inserted through levator
anguli oris into abcess cavity.
• Drainage with drain secured.
Submandibular space
BOUNDARIES:-
ANTERIORLY – Anterior bellly of digastric
muscle
POSTERIORLY – Posterior bellly of digastric
muscle, stylohyoid, stylopharyngeous
muscle.
LATERALL -skin, superficial fascia,
Y platysma
Neighboring spaces –
Submental, sublingual, lateral pharyngeal, buccal
and submandibular space of other side.
TREATMENT
• ANTERIORLY - Lingual
surface of mandible
• POSTERIORLY -
Submandibular
space
• INFERRIORLY - Mylohyoid
muscle
• SUPERIORIL -oral mucosa
• MEDIALLY- - geniohyoid,
genioglossus & styloglossus
• LATERALLY - lingual aspect of
mandible
CAUSE
• Mandibular premolars and molars, trauma
Sublingual space
Clinical evaluation:
•Swelling in anterior part of
floor of the mouth on the
affected side displacing
tongue medially and
superiorly.
•Elevation of tongue to
palate
causes airway compromise.
• CONTENTS:-
Neighboring spaces –
• Antibiotic prophylaxis
Clinical evaluation:
Bilateral swelling below chin
extending inferiorly at the level of
hyoid bone.
Fever, chills.
- Airway compromise occurquickly
and with little fore warning.
- Drooling, dysphagia and neck stiffness
are common.
- Anteriorly protruding tongue is present
- Trismus is usually absent.
Principles of Management of Ludwig’s
Angina
• Hospitalization.
• Securing the airway.
• Antibiotics & hydration.
• External surgical exploration with bilateral
through and through
drainage of the submandibular spaces with
simultaneous exploration of the submental and
sublingual spaces.
• Medical supportive therapy
• Review and re-evaluation in the post op period
Incision for surgical drainage of Ludwig’s Angina
Classic method – Not used nowadays Bilateral through and though drainage
of spaces
- Ref – Laskin Vol. 2 pg no. 249
Masticatory space
There are 5 masticatory spaces .
1. Superficial temporal space
2. Infratemporal space
3. Deep temporal space
4. Submassetric space
5. Pterygomandibular space
Superficial temporal space
Boundaries –
• Superiorly & Laterally Temporal fascia
• Inferiorly – Zygomatic arch
• Medially Lateral surface Temporalis muscle
cause
• Infection from maxillary and mandibular
molars.
Superficial temporal space
Clinical evaluation:
Boundaries -
• Laterally medial surface of temporalis m.
• Medially Temporal bone
• Below the level of zygomatic arch both the
spaces communicate with each other and with
the infratemporal space.
Cause
• Infection from maxillary molars
Clinical features
Mild swelling over temporal
Region.
Difficult to diagnose.
• Contents – Pterygoid plexus, Internal maxillary
artery and vein.
• Clinical features :
• Marked Trismus
• swelling of face in front of ear, over TMJ & zygomatic
arch
• Eye is closed and proptosed
• Contents – Pterygoid plexus, Internal maxillary
artery and vein.
Neighboring spaces-
• Buccal, pterygomandibular, superficial
temporal, parotid space
TREATMENT:-
• Incision Intra oral approach - vertical incision along the
external oblique line of the mandible starting at the level of the
occlusal plane and extending downward and forward in buccal
sulcus opposite 2nd molar.
• Neighboring spaces -
– Deep temporal spaces
– Lateral pharyngeal space
– Buccal space
– Submasseteric space
– Parotid space
TREATMENT: I & D
• If trismus is severe.
-Extraoral mandibular nerve block or G.A. is given
Neighboring spaces -
Pterygomandibular, submandibular, sublingual,
peritonsillar, retropharyngeal space.
Lateral pharyngeal space infection
Clinical evaluation
• Firm swelling with
surrounding erythema lateral
and anterior to
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
• Difficulty in flexing and
turning of neck.
• Trismus secondary
pterygoid
muscle involvement.
• Dysphagia.
Management
• Hospitalization with I.v. antibiotics.
• Airway protection.
• Rapid surgical drainage.
• Surgical approach always through neck not through
oral cavity.
• Incision is made at the level of hyoid bone across the
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Complications
• Suppurative jugular venous thrombosis.
• Patient will have shaking chills, high fever.
• Tenderness at the mandibular angle and along
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Peritonsillar space infection
Clinical evaluation:
• pharyngitis .
• Severe sore throat, dysphagia,
and referred otalgia.
• The speech is muffled and
classically described as
hot potato voice.
• Trismus is not present
• According to recent
literature,needle aspiration is
done instead of incision and
drainage .
• (JOMS,Vol 51,2009)
Parotid space infection
BOUNDARIES:-
• superiorly zygomatic arch
• Inferiorly lower border of mandible
• Anteriorly posterior border of the mandible
• Posteriorly Retromandibular region
• CONTENTS:
– Parotid gland
– Parotid lymph nodes
– Facial n.
– Retromandibular vein
– External carotid artery
• ETIOLOGY:
– From extension of infection from submasseteric,
pterygomandibular, lateral pharyngeal spaces,
– Blood-borne infection, retrograde infections through the
stensons duct.
Parotid space infection
.
Clinical evaluation:
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
1. Lymph nodes and fat. 1. Only fat
Clinical Evaluation
• Children less than 4 yrs commonly affected.
• Sore throat, dysphagia,
• Hot potato voice.
Step I:
• Look at the prevertebral or
retropharyngeal sof
tissue shadow.
• In the area of 2nd and 3rd CV,
shadow should be less than 7mm
in width.
• In the area of 6 cervical vertebra
sof tissue shadow is behind the
trachea and includes the thickness
of esophagus making it approx.
Children – 14mm wide
adults – 22mm wide
Step III.
- Finally, the lateral radiograph will show the curve of the cervical spine
- Loss of the curve is a strong indication of retropharyngeal space infection.
- Tipping of the head forward in sniffing position to maintain an open airway.
Management of Retropharyngeal
space infection
Prevertebral space
• Is formed by the deep cervical fascia.
• It extends from skull base to coccyx
• Facia attaches to the transverse process of the cervical vertebra
dividing this space into anterior and posterior compartments.
Anterior compartment contains:
-Vertebral bodies.
-Spinal cord.
-Vertebral arteries.
-Phrenic nerve.
-Prevertebral and scalene muscles
• Osteomyelitis
• Mediastenitis
• Brain abcess
• Meningitis
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Scar formation
• Sinus tract formation
Who should be hospitalized
???
Signs & symptoms of CNS symptoms
toxicity
• Dyspnoea
•
• level of consciousness
Dysphagia
• Paleness • Evidence of meningeal
• Tachypnoea irritation
• Tachycardia (severe headache)
• Fever • Eyelid edema & abnormal
• Lethargy eye signs
Controversies
• Does the Investing Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
Exist?
- Nash, Lance M.Sc November 2005
Journal of American society of anesthesiologists
• Introduction -
Deep neck space abscesses are relatively common head and
neck surgery emergencies and can result in significant
morbidity . Traditionally, surgical incision and drainage (I&D)
with antibiotics has been the mainstay of treatment. Some
reports have suggested that ultrasound-guided drainage
is a less invasive and effective alternative in selected cases.
Results
• Seventeen patients were recruited .They found a
significant difference in mean Length of hospital
stay between patients who underwent USD
(3 days) vs I&D (5 days).They identified
significant
cost savings (41%) in comparison to I&D.
• Conclusions
Ultrasound drainage of deep neck space
abscesses in a certain cases is effective, cost
saving & safe as it is less invasive. Still this
remains a controversial topic whether to follow
Incision and drainage or ultrasound drainage.
Recent advances
Effective antibiotics for severe infections caused
by resistant bacteria are needed urgently. The
speed with which bacteria develop resistance to
antibiotics, in contrast with the slow development
of new drugs, has led some experts to develop
newer antibiotics.
FDA approved newer antibiotics
Compound name Targeted Microorganisms
(Brand name )
Quinupristin/ dalfopristin (1999) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and
(Synercid) Streptococcus pyogenes
Articles –
1. Does the Investing Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia Exist?
- Nash, Lance M.Sc November 2005 Journal of American society
of anesthetist
Websites -
http://www.upd8.org.uk
Thank
you