Performance Analysis of Air-Entrained

Concrete

Guided by: Presented by:

Mr. JOE PRASAD JAYANARAYANAN L
Asst Prof. Yce16ce039
Dept Of Civil CE7-A
Civil Dept

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 Overview

1. AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE
2. AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES
3. AIR-ENTRAINING CEMENT
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
5. SUMMING UP
6. CONCLUSIONS

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 Air-Entrained concrete

 Air entrained concrete is concrete added with

some air entraining agents, usually to
increase workability and frost resistance

Figure 1: Section of air-entrained concrete

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 How to entrain air ?

Using air-entraining cement

Using air-entraining admixtures

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 Air-Entraining Admixtures

The following types of air entraining agents are used for making air entrained concrete.
 Natural wood resins
 Animal and vegetable fats and oils, such as tallow, olive oil
 Wetting agents like alkali salts
 Sulphated and sulphonated organic compounds.
 Hydrogen peroxide and aluminum powder, etc.

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 Air-Entraining Cement
• This cement is made by mixing a small amount of an air-entraining agent with
ordinary Portland cement clinker at the time of grinding.
• The following types of air-entraining agents could be used:
 Alkali salts of wood resins
 Calcium lignosulphate
 Calcium salts of glues

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 Performance Analysis

o Strength o Creep
o Workability and Water Demand o Shrinkage
o Abrasion resistance o Response to chemicals
o Permeability o Unit Weight
o Bleeding
o Frost resistance

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 Strength

 The air voids reduces strength.

 About 5% strength loss for each 1%
air incorporated
 The drop is significantly higher for
the lean mixtures made with cement
factor (CF)of 300 kg/m3 as
compared with mixtures with
higher CF Figure 2: loss in compressive strength

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 Strength

Modulus of Elasticity

 Modulus of elasticity of concrete mix having the same water/cement ratio and the
same aggregate is reduced by 2 to 3 per cent for each per cent of air entrainment

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 Workability

 The entrainment of air in fresh concrete improves workability

 Air bubbles acts as ball bearings and reduces friction
 Entrained air increases the effective volume of cement paste

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 Water Demand

 Enhancement of workability in turn results in reduction of water demand

 The water requirement of an average concrete mix is reduced by approximately 3.5
kg/cu.m with rounded aggregate and 4.8 kg/cu.m with angular aggregates for each
1% air entraining.
 Clearly, this water reduction helps to minimize the drop in compressive strength
resulting from air incorporation.

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 Frost Resistance

 Air-entrained concrete has better frost resistance

 The expansion of water as it freezes in concrete can create enough pressure to rupture
the concrete.
 However, entrained air bubbles serve as reservoirs for the expanded water, thereby
relieving expansion pressure and preventing concrete damage.

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 Permeability

 Air-entrained concrete is more watertight than non air-entrained concrete

 The entrained air prevents interconnected capillary channels from forming.
 Use air-entrained concrete where water tightness is a requirement

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 Segregation, Bleeding and Laitance

 Segregation and bleeding of concrete are different manifestations of loss of

homogeneity
 Segregation, bleeding and consequent formation of laitance are reduced greatly by air
entrainment

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Contd…

• Reduction occurs due to:

 The bubbles buoy up the aggregates and cement
 The bubbles decrease the effective area through which the differential movement of
water may occur
 The bubbles increase the mutual adhesion between cement and aggregate
 The surface area of voids in the plastic concrete is sufficiently large to retard the rate
at which water separates from the paste by drainage

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 Unit Weight

 Density of the air entrained concrete is lesser than ordinary concrete

 The air entrained concrete will contain 5 per cent less of solid material, and hence
will be lower in weight.
 Incidentally, this will result in an economy of about 5 per cent in the cost of cement
and aggregate, less the cost of air entraining agent and cost of extra supervision

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 Shrinkage

 Shrinkage of air entrained (AE) concretes was higher than that of non-air entrained
concretes.
 Increase in shrinkage of concretes with increasing content of air voids was observed.
 Higher shrinkage might be due to air voids and porous air void–paste interface.
 Interconnection and overlapping of interfaces increased vapour diffusion and
shrinkage.
 Bigger volume of cement paste in AE concrete may also increase shrinkage strains.

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 Abrasion Resistance

 Abrasion Resistance of concrete containing less than 6 per cent air entrainment has
about the same resistance to abrasion as normal concrete, when cement contents of
the comparable concrete are constant.
 When the air entrainment is of the order of about 10 per cent, abrasion resistance is
markedly low.

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 Response to Chemicals

 In view of lower permeability and absorption, the air entrained concrete

will have greater resistance for chemical attack than that of normal
concrete
 It was found that air entrained concrete showed less deterioration than
ordinary concrete

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 Response to Chemicals

Sulphuric Acid
 Being a strong acid, Sulphuric acid attacks
concrete through dissolution and acid-base
reactions, mainly with calcium hydroxide
 Fig. 3 shows a distinct difference between
non-air and air-entrained specimens after
exposure to sulphuric acid
Figure 3: Effect of Sulphuric acid on non -air and 7–9%
air-entrained samples

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 Response to Chemicals
• Calcium chloride
In general, chlorides have three forms of interaction with cement paste:
 Reducing the pH value
 Dissolution of CaOH2, and reaction with calcium aluminates to form
chloroaluminate which ultimately leads to enlarging pores and increasing
permeability.
 The major concern of chlorides relates to the corrosion of steel reinforcement
through disturbing the passive layer

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 Response to Chemicals

• Chloride Migration
 Air bubbles reduce chloride migration.
 The entrained air bubbles could provide a longer path for chloride ions to travel.
 The entrained air bubbles prevented complete filling with water.

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 Summing up….
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Less Unit Weight  Reduction in Compressive Strength
 Water Tight  Reduction in Modulus of Elasticity
 High Workability  High shrinkage
 High Chemical Resistance  Its finishing characteristics are
 Resistant to Frost influenced by fluctuations in air
 Less Water Requirement temperature and relative humidity
 Less Bleeding and Segregation

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 Conclusions

 Concrete with entrained air possesses better workability than normal concrete and
practically no segregation or bleeding are experienced.
 It has lower compression and flexural strengths than normal concrete.
 This reduction in strength, under properly controlled conditions, is not considered a
serious factor and it can be minimized in the future by the proper adjustment of
concrete designing methods to include air entraining materials.

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 REFERENCE

 Peng Zhang; Dan Li; Yun Qiao; Sulei Zhang; Congtao Sun; and Tiejun
Zhao(2018)Effect of Air Entrainment on the Mechanical Properties,
Chloride Migration, and Microstructure of Ordinary Concrete and Fly Ash
Concrete,Materials in civil engineering,30(10),5-9
 Safwan A. Khedr, M.ASCE; Mohamed Nagib Abou-Zei; and Jane M.
Abadir,(2006),Response of air-entrained concrete to severe chemical
aggression,Materials in civil engineering, 18-1,11-17
 Wojceich Piasta,Hubert Sikora,(2015),Effect of air-entrainment on
shrinkage of blended cement concretes,Construction and building
materials,99,298-307

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THANK YOU

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