PRESENTED TO:

ENGR. SYEDA AMMARA ASIF

PRESENTED BY:
GROUP#3
REGISTRATION NO:
69,73,81,85,89,93,97,145,157
AGGREGATE (SLATE)
SLATE

• Local name of slate in Urdu is also slate.

• Slate is a fine-grained and foliated metamorphic rock derived from an
original shale-type sedimentary rock through the process of metamorphism. It
is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock.
• When shale is subjected to high temperatures and pressure, it flattens out to
form slate.
• Slate is comprised primarily of quartz and mica minerals.
USES OF SLATE IN CONSTRUCTION

Slate possesses the following properties which make it ideal for certain types of construction:
• Strength and durability
• Moisture resistance
• Wind resistance
• Good insulating capability
Due to these properties, slate is used for the following notable purposes in construction:
• Roofing
• Flooring
• Landscaping (i.e. to pave paths, make fountains, surround swimming pools and cover outer walls)
OCCURRENCE IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan does not have huge quantity of slate . In some parts of our country
good quality slate is found amongst them few important sites are following,
1. Kharan District
2. Taxila, Rawalpindi
3. Nowshera
OCCURRENCE IN WORLD

Slate deposits can be found in various countries around the globe.

1. Portugal
2. Italy
3. Germany
4. Spain
• We performed following tests on slate,
1. Mechanical tests
a. Specific gravity test
b. water absorption test
c. Los Angeles abrasion test
d. Impact value test
e. Compression test
2. Petrography test
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of aggregate to an equal volume of

water at 4°C (39.2°F) and is always expressed in numbers.
The specific gravity of depends upon:
1. The weight
2. Spacing of its atoms
SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

• Specific Gravity is important for several reasons.

Some deleterious particles
are lighter than the good aggregates. Tracking specific gravity can
sometimes indicate a change of material or possible contamination.
Differences in specific gravity may be used during production to separate the
deleterious particles from the good using a heavy media liquid
It is given below
Specific gravity = W1
W3 - W2

W1 = Dry weight of Slate = 759.3g

W2 = Saturated weight of Slate suspended in water = 466.5g
W3 = Saturated surface dry weight of Slate in air = 763.7g
Specific gravity = 2.55
WATER ABSORPTION TEST
WATER ABSORPTION OF SLATE

The increase in weight due to water contained in the pores of the slate is water
absorption of slate. It is calculated in percentage.
• Empty spaces are present between the atoms of any solid substance. This is due to
the structure of atoms and their alignment during bonding. When substance is placed in
water, then these empty spaces or voids are filled with water which cause increase in
weight.
• Amount of water absorbed by substance is directly proportional to its empty spaces
and inversely proportional to its strength.
• If material absorbs more amount of water then it has more voids and has less strength. In
other words it is weak in nature and vice versa.
• Formula for water absorption is following,

Water absorption = W3 - W1/ W1* 100

Where
W1 = Dry weight of slate
W3 = Saturated surface dry weight of slate
• Water absorption was checked over a period of 17 days and its results are shown in table.
Days W1 (g) W3 (g) W.A (%) =
W3 – W1 x 100
W3

4 769.2 772.5 0.42

6 769.2 772.9 0.47

8 769.2 772.9 0.47

11 769.2 772.9 0.47

14 769.2 772.9 0.47

17 769.2 772.9 0.47

• Results:
The results of water absorption shows that slate has lesser number of voids
and it is less porous. So we conclude that slate atoms are densely packed.
Also slate is strong in nature.
IMPACT VALUE TEST
IMPACT VALUE TEST OF SLATE

A test designed to evaluate the toughness of slate under repeated impacts is

called impact value test of slate.
It gives measures of the resistance of slate to impacts or blows.
SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT VALUE TEST
•THIS METHOD COVERS THE TOUGHNESS OF ROAD STONE
MATERIALS BY IMPACT TEST.
•USED IN CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
•GIVES A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE OF AN AGGREGATE TO
POLISHING.
This apparatus is used to find out impact value
of aggregate.
Recommendation:

Aggregate impact value Classification

< 10% Exceptionally strong

10 – 20% Strong

20 – 30% Satisfactory for road surface

> 35% Weak for road surfacing

W1 = Total weight of dry sample = 350.8 g
W2 = Weight of sample passed through 2.36 mm sieve = 75 g

Slate Impact value = 75 x 100

350.8
= 21.38 %
Result:
Slate is satisfactory for road scuffing.
LOS-ANGELES ABRASION TEST
LOS-ANGELES ABRASION TEST OF SLATE

This test method is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregate of

standard grading resulting from a combination of actions including abrasion,
impact and grinding.
Recommended Value:
Percentage Loss should be between 10-45 %
• For abrasion test, there are three classes of sample aggregate.
• For our test we took class B sample for which size along weight is given below,
Sample size Weight in grams
12.5mm 2500g
9.5mm 2500g

• We mix both sizes and placed it in Los Angeles abrasion machine.

• This machine is used for abrasion test.
Calculations:
Class for slate = B
W1 = Total weight of slate = 5000g
W2 = Weight of slate retained on 1.70mm sieve = 3683.9g

Loss % = W1 - W2 x 100
W1
= 26.32 %
Result:
Slate is good for road surface as it is strong and resist abrasion.
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SLATE

This method covers the capacity of aggregate to resist against load that causes
compression.
•On the basis of the results of this test
we recommend material to be used for
various purposes such as in making roads, buildings, dams etc.
•As slate divides into thin sheets when exposed to forces. So we were unable to
get cube of slate for compressive strength.
•The experimentally measured value for compressive strength of slate is 30.00
N/mm2 .
•The formula for calculation of compressive strength is given below;

Compressive Strength = 224.82 x Load

Area
Result:
Slate is good for road surfacing.
PETRO GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SLATE

The detailed analysis of minerals by optical microscope for the mineralogy in

thin section and the micro-texture and structure are critical to understand the
origin of the rock.
Sample Type:
Crushed piece Rock
Commercial Name:
Slate
General Features:
Hand specimen is dark gray to gray colored, fine grained
slate.
Microscopic Features:
Petro graphic studies reveal that the given stone can be used
as building stone especially as roof tile floor.
 MINERALOGY

Minerals Percentage %
Mica (muscovite & biotite) 45-50
Quartz (SiO2) 38-40
Chlorite (ClO2) 6-7
Pyrite (FeS2 ) 3-4
Clay minerals (Illite) 2-3
Hematite (Fe2O3) 1
CONCLUSION OF PRESENTATION
• As slate absorbs very less amount of water so it is used in roofing of buildings
to stop moisture.
• Slate resists abrasion and also has satisfactory impact value so it is used in
road scuffing.
• Slate is also used in concrete as it increases strength of concrete.
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