INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS I – LA NAVAL

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
An international organization (intergovernmental
organization) is an organization established by a
treaty or other instrument governed by international
law and possessing its own international legal
personality.
EUROPEAN UNION
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that
are located primarily in Europe.[12] It has an area of 4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq
mi) and an estimated population of about 513 million. The EU has developed an
internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all
member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed
to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services
and capital within the internal market,[13] enact legislation in justice and home
affairs and maintain common policies on trade,[14] agriculture,[15] fisheries and
regional development.[16] For travel within the Schengen Area, passport controls
have been abolished.[17] A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into
full force in 2002 and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro
currency.
NAFTA – NORTH AMERICAN
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty entered into by the
United States, Canada, and Mexico; it went into effect on January 1, 1994. (Free
trade had existed between the U.S. and Canada since 1989; NAFTA broadened that
arrangement.) On that day, the three countries became the largest free market in the
world-;the combined economies of the three nations at that time measured $6 trillion
and directly affected more than 365 million people. NAFTA was created to eliminate
tariff barriers to agricultural, manufacturing, and services; to remove investment
restrictions; and to protect intellectual property rights. This was to be done while also
addressing environmental and labor concerns (although many observers charge that
the three governments have been lax in ensuring environmental and labor safeguards
since the agreement went into effect). Small businesses were among those that were
expected to benefit the most from the lowering of trade barriers since it would make
doing business in Mexico and Canada less expensive and would reduce the red tape
needed to import or export goods.
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional intergovernmental
organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes
intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military,
educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in
Asia.

ASEAN also regularly engages other countries in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.
A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, ASEAN maintains a global
network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as a global
powerhouse,[13][14] the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific, and a
prominent and influential organization. It is involved in numerous international affairs,
and hosts diplomatic missions throughout the world. The ASEAN Secretariat is located
at Jakarta, Indonesia.
WTO
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned
with the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on
1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994,
replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It
is the largest international economic organization in the world.
The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between
participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a
dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements,
which are signed by representatives of member governments[7]:fol.9–10 and ratified by their
parliaments.[8] The WTO prohibits discrimination between trading partners, but provides
exceptions for environmental protection, national security, and other important goals.[9] Trade-
related disputes are resolved by independent judges at the WTO through a dispute resolution
process.[9]
NATA
IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries,
working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189
countries that make up its near-global membership.
The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international
monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international
payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each
other. The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all
macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.
WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with
international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization,
was an agency of the League of Nations.
The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries (all 51 member countries
and 10 others) on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July
1948. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health
Organization. Since its establishment, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current
priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the
mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health, development,
and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the
development of reporting, publications, and networking.
The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, the worldwide World Health Survey, and World Health
Day. The current Director-General of the WHO is Tedros Adhanom, who served as Ethiopian Health Minister
from 2005 to 2012 and as Ethiopian Foreign Minister from 2012 to 2016. Adhanom started his five-year term
on 1 July 2017.[1]
WORLD BANK
The World Bank (French: Banque mondiale) is an international financial
institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer
countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.[6] It comprises two
institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World
Bank is a component of the World Bank Group.
The World Bank's most recent stated goal is the reduction of poverty. As
of November 2018, the largest recipients of world bank loans were
India ($859 million in 2018) and China ($370 million in 2018), through
loans from IBRD.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an
intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad
by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and
headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. As of September 2018, the then 14 member
countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of
the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were
previously determined by the so called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil
companies.
The stated mission of the organization is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its
member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient,
economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a
fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry."[4] The organization is also
a significant provider of information about the international oil market. The current OPEC
members are the following: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the de facto leader), United
Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Indonesia and Qatar are former members.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations specialized agency responsible
for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It is the leading
international organization in the field of tourism, which promotes tourism as a driver of economic
growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support
to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide. It serves as a global forum
for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism knowledge. It encourages the
implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism[1] to maximize the contribution of tourism
to socio-economic development, while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to
promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), geared towards eliminating poverty and fostering sustainable development and peace
worldwide.
UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and
instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and works to make tourism an effective tool for
development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world.
UNWTO’s membership includes 158 countries, 6 territories and over 500 affiliate members
representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism
authorities. Its headquarters are located in Madrid.
ILO
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose
mandate is to advance social justice and promote decent work by setting
international labour standards.[1] It was the first specialised agency of the
UN. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 of the 193 UN member states plus
the Cook Islands are members of the ILO. The tripartite structure is unique to
the ILO where representatives from the government, employers and
employees openly debate and create labour standards.
The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the
International Labour Organization. It is the focal point for International Labour
Organization's overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the
Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director-General.
The ILO employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its
headquarters in Geneva, and in around 40 field offices around the world.
Among these officials, 900 work in technical cooperation programmes and
projects.
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial
institution[2] owned by central banks which "fosters international monetary and
financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks".[3] The BIS
carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel
Process – hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and
facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to
central banks and other international organizations. It is based in Basel,
Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City.
ITU
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (French: Union Internationale des
Télécommunications (UIT)), originally the International Telegraph Union (French: Union
Télégraphique Internationale), is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is
responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies.[1] It is
the oldest International Organization.
The ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promotes
international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to improve
telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the
development and coordination of worldwide technical standards. The ITU is also
active in the areas of broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies,
aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology,
convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and
next-generation networks.
EUROSTAT
Eurostat (European Statistical Office) is a Directorate-General of
the European Commission located in Luxembourg. Its main
responsibilities are to provide statistical information to the
institutions of the European Union (EU) and to promote the
harmonisation of statistical methods across its member states and
candidates for accession as well as EFTA countries. The
organisations in the different countries that cooperate with Eurostat
are summarised under the concept of the European Statistical
System.