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Concrete
Sand
Gravel
33%
38%
CONCRETE VOLUME
Sand
7%
Portland
Cement
68%
CONCRETE COST
Note:
Cement accounts for most of the concrete raw material cost.
Reinforced Concrete
Slump Mold
Dimension of Slump Cone:
Diameter of the base – 203 mm
Diameter of the top – 102 mm
Altitude – 305 mm
Apparatus
Tamping Rod
A tamping rod made of round, straight steel 16 mm in diameter
and approximately 600 mm in length,with the tamping end
rounded to a hemispherical tip of 16 mm diameter.
Apparatus
3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel tamping rod.
Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.
Procedure
4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating
into, but not through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of the layer.
5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into
but not through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of this layer.
6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod
as a screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.
7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the
concrete or tilt the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone,
and place next to, but not touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-
10 seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)
Procedure
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the
amount of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to
the top of the slumped concrete at a point over the original center
of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a maximum
elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO NOT use in
any other tests.
Slump
Ruler
Slump Cone
Slump Test
Testing tip:
Since concrete setting is time and temperature dependent, this test must be
started within 5 minutes after obtaining the composite sample and completed
within 2 ½ minutes after the filling process begins.
Water-cement ratio [w/c] or
water cementitious material ratio [w/(c+p)]
40 0.42
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Maximum size of aggregate
3 layers
25 blows/layer
24” 12”
5/8” Rammer
2. Molding of (Beam) Flexure Test Specimens
For Concrete Pavement
Beam Specimens
A= L x W
= 21” x 6”
= 126 sq. in.
1 Blow per 2 sq. in.
6”
126 blows
= 63
2 layer
6”
21”
2 layers
63 blows / layer using the
same rammer as in concrete
cylinder sample
III. STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE
TEST SPECIMENS (AASHTO T 97)
1. Flexural Strength of Beam Specimens
a. Third Point Loading Method
R= PL = P 18 = P in #
6” x 6” x 6” 12 in2
bd2
//////////////
1 in Min.
Where:
R = Modulus of rupture, psi or Mpa
D = L/3 Specimen
P = Load in lbs. or in tons
L = Span length in inches
L/3 L/3 l/3
b = base in inches
Span Length
d = depth
L
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the
middle third of the span length.
PL
R =
bd2
Mpa
FS = 440.92 psi x .006895 = 3.04 MPa
psi
b. Center Point Loading Method:
1 in. min.
(25 mm)
L/3
L/2 L/2
Span Length,
L
3 PL
R=
2 bd2
4
12” Compressive Strength = 64,000 lbs X .006895 Mpa
28.27 in.2 psi
CS = 15.6 MPa
DPWH Specification:
Balanced Section
The steel provided in the beam is such that both concrete
and steel reach the limiting values of strain simultaneously.
Steel ratio
Ratio of tension
r = As/bd
reinforcement
rmax = .75rbal
*For flexure members, it
should not exceed .75 of rmin = 1.4/fy
r balance
The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting
values of strain prior to concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and
the steel could yield till it attains the ultimate strain at which point it
breaks.
Analysis and Design of beams
φVc = φ1/6√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
Vc = shear force that concrete alone resists
b = width of rectangular beam or
=width of web for a T-beam
d = effective depth of beam
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.85
1
Vu = 𝑤 L − 𝑤𝑢 d (for simply supported beams)
2 𝑢
Spacing of Stirrups
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
S= = 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑐
ϕ
Vs = Vu/φ – Vc
Vs = Vn – Vc = nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/φ
Vc = 1/6√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
1
when Vu > 2 ϕ𝑉𝑐 (needs stirrups)
Spacing Criterion
𝑏𝑆
Av =
3𝑓𝑦
min(12 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 300𝑚𝑚)
Development Length
For 36mm
25 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑𝑏 =
𝑓′𝑐
For deformed wire
3 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑𝑏 =
8 ∗ 𝑓′𝑐
Clear Cover
Sample Problems
Where
𝑃𝑛 = Nominal Strength
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = Ultimate Load
∅ = Reduction Factor
𝑓 ′𝑐 = Concrete Strength
𝐴𝑔 = Gross area of the Column
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = Area of Steel
Longitudinal bars
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔_𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
max(1.5 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 40𝑚𝑚)
Spacing of Lateral Ties