Member of the Asscoiated Press .

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ORTHODOX MARXISM
The body
of Marxist thought
that emerged
following the death
of Karl Marx
 CRITIQUE OF THE
ORTHODOX MARXISM
• Social revolution did NOT occur in the advanced
capitalist countries
• More emphasis on culture
• Re-working or outright rejection of Marx’s base/
superstructure metaphor
• Dialectical Materialism
• Hegelian-Marxist idea of social totality
• Critique of Reification
 One Major Problem
What actually
Marx’s prediction
happened
Socialist revolution
was imminent and
would begin in the
Social revolution did
most advanced
NOT occur in the
capitalist countries
advanced capitalist
and that the collapse
countries
and destruction of
capitalism was
inevitable.
 RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION OF
1917
• Led by Lenin and
the Bolshevik party
• Contradicted
Marx’s assertions
as to where socialist
revolution would
happen
 Commodo et
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Two Possible Answers
1 2
That social
That Marx’s revolution had
prediction had been blocked by
been entirely various factors
wrong in capitalist
society
 Two Major Forms
of Resistance to Revolution

1 2
Physical Ideological
Repression Repression
 MORE
EMPHASIS ON
CULTURE
• IDEAS
• SYMBOLS
• WAYS OF
THINKING
 Gyorgy Lukacs
• First major ‘Western Marxist’
• Hungarian scholar
• Hegelian-Marxist ideas:
Social totality
Critique of Reification
Social Totality
Every single part of
society is regarded as
being complexly
interrelated with all
other parts.
Therefore there are
NO direct
relationships of one
part shaping or
controlling another
Critique of Reification
A SITUATION
WHEREBY PEOPLE
PERCEIVE AS AN
OJECTIVELY
EXISTING,
INDEPENDENT AND
REAL ‘THING’, WHAT
ARE IN FACT FLUID
AND CONSTANTLY
CHANGING
 It is a process which affects four dimensions of
social relations:
1. the socially created features of objects
2. the relations between persons
3. their relations to themselves
4. the relations between individuals and society
as a whole
 Member of the Asscoiated Press .
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FRANKFURT SCHOOL
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parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec pellentesque eu, pretium
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quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium consequat massa quis
pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla enim. Donec pede justo,
quis, sem. Nulla consequat consequat massa quis fringilla vel, aliquet nec,
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Most prominent figures
of the first generation of
Critical Theorists
• Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)
• Theodor Adorno (1903-1969)
• Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979)
• Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)
• Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970)
• Leo Lowenthal (1900-1993)
• Eric Fromm (1900-1980)