I.6.

Nucleus, DNA replications,

transcription, translation, ER, Golgi
apparatus.
 The only spherical nucleus typically occupies about 10 percent of a
eukaryotic cell's volume

One nucleus/cell
Exceptions:
multiple shallow nuclei of the sceletal muscle fibers,
fusion of liver cells results several nuclei in one cell
Exception: mature erythrocytes have no nucleus
Ultrastructure of
the nucleus
The chromatin and the chromosomes
What is the difference?
Multiple packaging of
DNA
 Chromatin

heterochromatin
euchromatin
 DNA replication
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBmO_rmXxIw
How to express a gene? The
central dogma of molecular biology
 Transcription: The information in DNA
is decoded by transcription

Initiation at the
Promoter region
Elongation by
Termination With help of
complementary RNA
transcription
nucleotids
factors
Editing of the primary transcript: splicing of pre-mRNA
Translation and other synthetic/anaboloitic
processes: outside the nucleus
Code – codon - anticodon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ
Cooperating organelles during anabolitic processes of the cell
Intermediary metabolism: two big groups
of metabolic processes of the cell
 Questions of todays’ topic?
• What do you know about the ultrastructure of the nucleus of the eucaryotic cell?
• What is chromatin and what are chromosomes? What is the difference?
• What do euchromatin and heterochromatin differ in?
• Could you outline the DNA replication: its importance and main steps?
• How to express a gene? Please outline the central dogma of the molecular
biology!
• What is transcription: importance and mechanism?
• Could you review main steps of translation?
• What does the genetic code – codon – anticodon connection means during protein
synthesis?
• What does the redundancy means in coding of amino acids? What is its
evolutionary importace?
• What do you know about translation? Where this anabolitic process occurs? What
steps, what importaces could you mention?
• What is the role of ribosomes during protein synthesis?
• What is the further faith of the just translated (freshly synthetised) proteins? What
organelles play, what roles in their further processing (postranslational
modifications)?
• Where lipids are synthetised in the eucaryotic cell?
• What are the main two processes of the intermediary metabolism in a cell? What
is the difference between them?