Group Members

Amna Shafa Irfan sp-12-bet-006

Ayesha Nisar sp-12-bet-011
Hifza Sajid sp-12-bet-029
Maleeha Altaf sp-11-bet-041
Marryam Nawaz sp-12-bet-043
Network on Chip
Introduction
scalability issues and limiting bandwidth performance
viable solution to accommodate the ever growing
communication demands of future multi-core systems.
System on Chip (SoC)
SoC is a design that integrates several Intellectual Property (IP)
cores as a complete system on a single chip
To maintain system scalability without performance
degradation, permitting SoC designer to reuse IPs and
communication infrastructure

Traditional Soc using Shared Bus

Problem Background
Integrated circuits are prone to errors both in fabrication and
utilization, this equates to potential profit loss for companies
and expensive costs for consumers
Fabrication Failures
Greater defect rates and significantly poor yield
Lowered the precision of control
Transistor malfunction
Electro-Migration
The effect of operation time on chips causes an elemental
ageing phenomenon
Software based solution which uses packet flooding
algorithms are limited to low injection rates due to a large
communication.
Background
On-Chip vs. Off-Chip Design
On-Chip Design
Sensitive to cost in terms of area and power
Cheap wires
Critical latency
Off-Chip design
Latency is tolerable
Changes at runtime
Adherence to networking standards
Cont…..
On-Chip Interconnection Types
Point-to-Point
A direct link between exactly two interfaces.
Cont…..
Single Bus
• need for dedicated point-to point links for critical signals
• result in an exponential increase of wiring
• contribute to excessive power consumption and
extremely poor scalability
Cont…..
Hierarchical Bus / Segmented Bus
• adopted to partition communication domains into layers
that operate at different frequencies.
• optimizes power usage
• optimization is limited as bus architectures are broadcast
networks so data must reach all bus-connected modules.
Cont…..
Crossbar
• overcame the problem of increased non-parallelism by
enabling concurrent transactions
• this facilitates bandwidth improvements, the number of
links increases exponentially
• crossbars overcome limitations of the bus design, having
poor scalability.
Features of NoC
NoC has the following three features:
Links
Routers
Network Adaptor (NA) or Network Interface (NI)
(i) Front end
(ii) Back end
Performance Parameters
Quantitative Terms
Bandwidth
bandwidth refers to the maximum rate of data propagation
Throughput
maximum traffic accepted by the network
Latency
time elapsed between the beginning of the transmission of a
message and its complete reception at the target node
Total Area
When width grows length also grows, total area cost function
increases
Power Dissipation Cost Function
Power dissipated is proportional to the product of operating
frequency and total wire length
Cont…..
Qualitative Terms
Quality of Service
A service quantification that is provided by the network to
the demanding core, two types of NoCs with respect to
QoS
(i) Best-Effort (BE) NoCs
(ii) Guaranteed Services (GS) NoCs
Reconfigurability
(i) Static Part
(ii) Reconfigurable Part
Fault Tolerance