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Communication
B Y: MUHA MMA D U S MA N I QB A L
S P 17-R EE -021
Contents:
• Introduction
• Origin
• Orbits
• History
• Working
• Structure
• Types of Satellites
• Services
• Frequency Bands
• Satellites now-a-days
• Future
• References
Satellite:
• An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth to collect
information or for communication.
Origin Of Word:
• The word satellite originated from the Latin word “Satellit”- meaning
an attendant, one who is constantly hovering around & attending to a
“master” or big man.
Orbit:
• In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an
object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural
satellite around a planet
Types of Orbits:
• Geosynchronous
Same rotational velocity as Earth
Maintains position relative to Earth
Altitude=35,786km
Velocity=11,300km/hr
• Asynchronous
Much lower altitude=Much higher velocity
Position over earth constantly changing
Geosynchronous:
• Advantages:
1. Simple Ground station tracking.
2. Nearly constant range.
3. Very small Frequency shift.
• Disadvantages:
1. Transmission delay of the order of 250ms.
2. No polar coverage.
Asynchronous:
• Advantages:
1. Less booster power required.
2. Less Delay in transmission path.
3. Reduced Problem of Echo.
4. Suitable for providing service at higher altitude.
5. Low Cost to built and launch satellite.
Cont..
• Disadvantages:
1. Complex problem of transferring signal from one satellite to
another.
2. Less Expected life of Satellite.
3. Required Frequent replacement of Satellite.
Challenges:
• Problem of increasing space trash In outer space.
• Requirement of large number of orbiting satellites for global
coverage.
• As each low earth orbit satellite covers the small portion of the
earth’s surface for the short time.
History:
• In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite,
Sputnik 1.
Working:
Basic Satellite:
Uplink(television):
Downlink:
Satellite Communication:
• Defense
• Communication Purpose
• GPS
LEO(500km-2000km):
• LEO is very close to the Earth, especially when compared to other
forms of satellite orbit including geostationary orbit.
• Orbital Period: 84-127mins
• Used For: Telecommunication
• No. of Satellites req. : 66
Advantages of LEO:
• Least propagation delay (about 10ms).
• Provides better signal strength.
• It eliminates need for bulky receiver equipment due to higher S/N
signal ratio.
• It provides high elevation for polar regions of the Earth.
Disadvantages of LEO:
• As it is at lesser distance above the Earth, it covers less region of the
earth.
• Large number of satellites are needed to cover the entire region of
the Earth.
• It is only visible for 15 to 20 minutes from particular area of the Earth.
• Ground station is very complex as it requires to handle frequent
handoffs between LEO satellites.
Types Of Satellites(Power):
• Passive Satellites
• Active Satellites
Passive Satellites:
• A satellite that only reflects signals from one Earth station to
another, or from several Earth stations to several others.
• It reflect the incident electromagnetic radiation without any
modification or amplification.
• It cant generate power, they simply reflect the incident power.
Disadvantages:
• Earth Stations required high power to transmit signals.
• Large Earth Stations with tracking facilities were expensive.
• A global system would have required a large number of passive
satellites accessed randomly by different users.
• Control of satellites not possible from ground.
• The large attenuation of the signal while traveling the large distance
between the transmitter and the receiver via the satellite was one of
the most serious problems.
Active Satellites:
• In active satellites, it amplify or modify and retransmit the signal from
the earth.
• Satellites which can transmit power are called active satellite.
• Require lower power earth station.
• Less costly.
• Not open to random use.
• Directly controlled by operators from ground.
Disadvantages:
• Requirement of larger and powerful rockets to launch heavier
satellites in orbit.
• Requirement of on-board power supply.
• Interruption of service due to failure of electronics components
Passive: Active:
One Way Services:
• Broadcast Satellite Service: Radio, Tv, Data broadcasting.
• Safety Services: Search & Rescue, Disaster Warning.
• Space Research Service.
• Earth Exploration Satellite Service.
Two Way Services:
• Fixed Satellite Service: Telephone, FAX, high bit rate DATA etc.
• Mobile Satellite Service: Land Mobile, Marine time mobile, Aero
Mobile.
• Satellite News Gathering.
• Inter Satellite Service.
Frequency Bands:
Band Freq. Range Wavelength Range
• Extremely Low Freq. <3kHz >100km
• Very Low Freq. 3-30Hz 10-100km
• Low Freq. 30-300KHz 1-10km
• Medium Freq. 300KHz-3MHz 100m-1km
• High Freq. 3-30MHz 10-100m
• Very High Freq. 30-300MHz 1-10m
• Ultra High Freq. 300MHz-3GHz 10cm-1m
• Super High Freq. 3-30GHz 1-10cm
• Extremely High Freq. 30-300GHz 1mm-1cm
Frequency Bands for Satellites:
• There are four radio frequency bands that communication and
military satellites operate within:
• C band – uplink 5.925-6.425 GHz; downlink 3.7-4.2 GHz
• X band – uplink 7.9- 8.4 GHz, downlink 7.25 – 7.75 GHz
• Ku band– uplink 14 GHz; downlink 10.9-12.75 GHz
• Ka band – uplink 26.5-40GHz; downlink 18-20 GHZ
C Band:
molniya orbit
Applications of Comm. Sat. :
• Telephony
• Television and Radio
• Mobile Satellite Technology
• Satellite Broadband
Weather:
• Weather Forecast using Satellite imagery.
• Two Types of Satellites used:
1. Polar Orbiters
2. Geostationary satellites
Earth Observation:
• Understand and analyzing global environmental conditions is an
essential element of guaranteeing our safety and quality of life.
• Satellites are used in:
I. Agriculture
II. Forest
III. Geology
IV. Risk Management (Pre-crisis, During crisis, Post-crisis)
V. Defense and Security
Future:
• In Future there are
I. Miniature Satellites.
II. Self-Navigating Satellites for GPS.
III. Satellites War.
IV. Rescue Satellites.
V. Micro-strip antennas for Satellites.
VI. Band Efficiently use.
References:
• http://www.swiftutors.com/types-of-satellite-orbits.html
• http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/geostationary-satellite
• http://www.tech-faq.com/geostationary-satellite.html
• http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-MEO-orbit.html
• https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8044/low-earth-orbit-leo
• https://www.myprivatetutor.com/questions/details/8914/how-many-satellites-are-required-to-cover-the-earth
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum
• http://www.idirect.net/Company/Resource-Center/Satellite-Basics/Frequency-Bands.aspx
• https://www.shapingtomorrow.com/home/alert/3769106-Future-of-Satellites
• http://www.iflscience.com/technology/future-personal-satellite-technology-here-are-we-ready-it/
References:
• https://www.slideshare.net/mkmannu/satellite-communication-18183139
• https://www.slideshare.net/niranjan123456789/satellite-communications-ppt
• https://www.slideshare.net/chappidi_saritha/satellite-communications-15862346
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Band_Satellite_Communication
• https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-
satellite-58.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)
• http://www.satmarin.com/c-band%20and%20ku-
band.asphttp://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/applications-satellite.asp
• https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-future-of-satellites