PHP Introduction

PHP INTRODUCTION
PHP
 Stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

 Server-side scripting language
 Websites built in PHP
 Facebook.com
 Yahoo.com
 PHP vs HTML
 PHP executed on server
 HTML directly rendered on browser
Basic Syntax
<?php
echo "<h1>My Heading Level One</h1>";

print("<h2>My Heading Level Two</h2>");
echo "<h3>My Heading Level Three</h3>";
?>
Comments in PHP
 Makes code more readable and understandable

 Help other developers to describe the code and what it is
trying to do
 Used in documenting a set of code or part of a program
 Single Line Comment
>>Two (2) Types of comment
- Single Line Comment
- Multi-line or Multiple line Comment
Comments in PHP Cont’d.
 Single Line Comment

<?php
// This is a single line comment
// These cannot be extended to more lines
echo "hello world!!!";
# This is also a single line comment

?>
Comments in PHP Cont’d.
 Multi-line or Multiple line Comment:

<?php
/* This is a multi line comment
In PHP variables are written
by adding a $ sign at the beginning.*/
$geek = "hello world!";

echo $geek;
?>
PHP in HTML and HTML in PHP
 PHP is an HTML-embedded server-side scripting language.

 Anything in a PHP script that is not contained within <?php
?> tags is ignored by the PHP compiler and passed directly
to the web browser.
EXAMPLE:
<head></head>
<body class="page_bg">
Hello, today is <?php echo date('l, F jS, Y'); ?>.
</body>
</html>
PHP in HTML and HTML in PHP
EXAMPLE:
<head></head>
<body class="page_bg">
Hello, today is <?php
echo date('l, F jS, Y') . “&copy <small>Bok</small>”;
echo
?>.
</body>
</html>
Case Sensitivity in PHP
 Sensitive of whitespace $sum = $var1

 Tabs, spaces, and carriage return +
 Treats multiple lines as a single $var2;
command
Example:
// "\n" for new line
echo $sum, "\n";
<?php
// PHP code illustrate the whitespace
insensitivity $sum1 = $var1 + $var2;
$var1 = 15; echo $sum1;
$var2 = ?>
30;
Case Sensitivity in PHP Cont’d.
 PHP is case-sensitive echo $variable;

 Keywords, functions and class names ECHO $variable;
are NOT case-sensitive
EcHo $variable;
 Except variables
<?php
// but this line will show RUNTIME
// Here we can see that all echo ERROR as
// statements are executed in the same // "Undefined Variable"
manner
echo $VARIABLE
?>
$variable = 25;
Blocks in PHP
<?php
$var = 50;
if ($var>0){
echo ("Positive as \n");
echo ("greater than 0");
}
?>
References
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
PHP Data Types
 Specifies the amount of memory that allocates to the variable associated with
it.
 PHP basic data types
 Scalar
 Compound
 special
Scalar data types
 A variable is a scalar when it holds a single value

 4 types of scalar data types
 Integer
 Float
 String
 bool
Integer Scalar data types
 Whole number
 Within the set {…-3,-2,-2,0,1,2,3…}
$population = 20000000;
$temperature = -14 ;
Float Scalar data types
 Floating point numbers, also known as floats, doubles or real numbers.

 Numbers that have fractional component.
 Can contain positive and negative values.
Exampe:
$length = 145.78;
$growthRate = -5.216;
Boolean Scalar data types
 Simplest data type

 Used for values that are either true or false
 Case-insensitive
 Means { true is equal to TRUE}
String Scalar data types
 A sequence of characters
 Can be text, content of an image file etc.
Example:
$today = 'Today is a nice day';
Compound data types
 A data type that can contain more category

than one value at a time  Objects are defined as instances of
Example: user defined classes that can hold
both values and functions
<?php
$intArray = array( 10, 20 , 30);
echo "First Element: $intArray[0]\n";
echo "Second Element: $intArray[1]\n";
echo "Third Element: $intArray[2]\n";
?>
 Arrays and Object fall into this
Special data types
 Resource
 Used for variables that hold data or reference of an external resource
 Null
 Does not contain any value
PHP variables
 Stores a value of any type e.g., a string, a number, an array, an object, or a

resource.
 Value holder
Syntax:
$variableName = value;
 Naming rules of variables
 Must start with the dollar sign ($).
 First character after the dollar sign ($) must be a letter (a-z) or an underscore (_)
 Remaining characters can be underscores, letters or numbers
 Variable names are case-sensitive
Variable data types
 PHP is a loosely typed programming language, means that when you define a
variable, you don’t specify its data type.
Type casting
 PHP handles the type conversion automatically based on the context in which
you use the variables.
Example:
<?php
$x = 20;
$y = '10'; // a string
$z = $x + $y; // $y is converted to an integer
echo $z; // 30
Type casting Cont’d.
Example:
<?php
$x = 20;
$y = '10'; // a string
$z = $x + (int)$y; // $y cast to an integer
echo $z; // 30
Finding data types of variables
 PHP provides a built-in function gettype() that returns the data type of a variable
Example:
<?php
$int = 10; // integer
$str = 'this is a string'; // string
$bool = true; // boolean
$d = 3.14; // float
echo gettype($int), '<br>';

echo gettype($str) , '<br>';
echo gettype($bool), '<br>';
echo gettype($d), '<br>';
Changing data type of variables
 use settype() function
Example:
<?php
$f = 20.05;
echo $f . '<br>'; // float number
settype($f, 'integer');
echo $f . '<br>'; // 20 integer number
settype($f, 'string');
echo $f . '<br>'; // '20' string
settype($f, 'float');
echo $f . '<br>'; // 20 float number
Testing data types of variables
Function Name Meaning
is_int($var); Return true if $var is an integer, otherwise
return false.
is_string($var); Return true if $var is a string, otherwise
return false.
is_bool($var); Return true if $var is a Boolean, otherwise
return false.
is_float($var); Return true if $var is a float, otherwise
return false.
is_long($var); Return true if $var is a long type,
otherwise return false.
is_numeric($var); Return true if $var is a number,
otherwise return false.
is_double($var); Return true if $var is a double, otherwise
return false.
Set and unset variables
Example: $y = 10; // $x is set
<?php if (isset($y)) {
echo '$y is set. <br/>';
$x; // $x is not set } else {
if (isset($x)) { echo '$y is not set. <br/>';
echo '$x is set. <br/>'; }
} else {
echo '$x is not set. <br/>';
}
unset a variable
Example:
<?php unset($x); // $x is not
available anymore
$x = 10; // $x is not set if (isset($x)) {
if (isset($x)) { echo '$x is set. <br>';
echo '$x is set. <br>'; } else {
} else { echo '$x is not set. <br>';
echo '$x is not set. <br>'; }
}
Checking NULL and empty
Example:
<?php
$x = null;
echo is_null($x) ? '$x is null' : '$x is not null';
echo '<br />';
$x = 20;
echo is_null($x) ? '$x is null' : '$x is not null';
empty() function
Example:
<?php
$x = 0;
echo empty($x) ? '$x is empty' : '$x is not empty';
$s = ‘’’’;
echo empty($s) ? '$s is empty' : '$x is not empty';
Variable Scopes
 Scope of a variable is defined as its extent in program

within which it can be accessed
 PHP has three variable scopes
 Local variables
 Global variables
 Static variable
Local variables
 declared within a function

 cannot be accessed outside that function local_var();
Example:
<?php // $num outside function local_var() is a
$num = 60; // completely different Variable than that of
function local_var(){ // inside local_var()
// This $num is local to this function echo "Variable num outside local_var() is
// the variable $num outside this function $num \n";
// is a completely different variable
?>
$num = 50;
echo "local num = $num \n";
}
Global variables
 declared outside a function
 can be accessed directly outside a function
Example:
<?php
$num = 20;
// function to demonstrate use of global variable
function global_var(){
// we have to use global keyword before
// the variable $num to access within
// the function
global $num;
echo "Variable num inside function : $num \n";
}
global_var();
echo "Variable num outside function : $num \n";
?>
Static variable
Example:
<?php
// function to demonstrate
static variables
function static_var(){
// static variable
static $num = 5;
$sum = 2;
$sum++;
$num++;
echo $num, "\n";
echo $sum, "\n";
}
// first function call
static_var();
// second function call
static_var();
?>
PHP | Superglobals
 specially-defined array variables

 get information about a request or its context
 superglobal variables available in PHP:
 $GLOBALS[‘namevar’]
 $_SERVER[‘namevar’]
 $_REQUEST[‘namevar’]
 $_GET[‘namevar’]
 $_POST[‘namevar’]
 $_SESSION[‘namevar’]
 $_COOKIE[‘namevar’]
 $_FILES[‘namevar’]
 $_ENV[‘namevar’]
$GLOBALS
 used to access global variables from anywhere in the PHP
script
Example:
<?php
$x = 300;
$y = 200;
function multiplication(){
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] * $GLOBALS['y'];
}
multiplication();
echo $z;
?>
$_SERVER
 A variable that stores the information about headers,
paths and script locations.
Example:
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
echo "<br>"
?>
$_REQUEST
 It is a superglobal variable which is used to collect

the data after submitting a HTML form. $_REQUEST is
not used mostly, because $_POST and $_GET perform
the same task and are widely used.
$_POST
 Used to collect data from the HTML form after

submitting it
 Method post transfer data and the data is not visible
in the query string
$_GET
 Used to collect data from the HTML form after

submitting it
 Method get to transfer data and the data is visible in
the query string
PHP Operators
 An operator takes one or more values, which are known as
operands, and performs operation on them such as adding
them together.
Most Common Used operators in PHP
 Arithmetic Operators
 Logical or Relational Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Conditional or Ternary Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Spaceship Operators (Introduced in PHP 7)
 Array Operators
 Increment/Decrement Operators
 String Operators
Arithmetic Operators
 Perform simple mathematical operations
 Non-numeric values are converted automatically to numeric values
List of arithmetic operators:
Arithmetic Operators Example
<?php echo($x ** $y), "\n";
echo($x / $y), "\n";
// variable 1 echo($x % $y), "\n";
$x = 29; ?>
// variable 2
$y = 4;
// some arithmetic operations on

// these two variables
echo($x + $y), "\n";
echo($x - $y), "\n";
echo($x * $y), "\n";
Comparison Operators
Comparison Operators Example
<?php // articles.
var_dump($a == $c) . "\n";
$a = 80; var_dump($a != $b) . "\n";
$b = 50; var_dump($a <> $b) . "\n";
$c = "80"; var_dump($a === $c) . "\n";
var_dump($a !== $c) . "\n";
// Here var_dump function has var_dump($a < $b) . "\n";
been used to var_dump($a > $b) . "\n";
// display structured information. var_dump($a <= $b) . "\n";
We will learn
// about this function in complete var_dump($a >= $b);
details in further
?>
Logical or Relational Operators
Logical or Relational Operators
Example
<?php echo "xor Success \n";
$x = 50; if ($x == 50 && $y == 30)

$y = 30; echo "&& Success \n";
if ($x == 50 || $y == 20)
if ($x == 50 and $y == 30) echo "|| Success \n";
echo "and Success \n"; if (!$z)
if ($x == 50 or $y == 20) echo "! Success \n";
echo "or Success \n";
if ($x == 50 xor $y == 20) ?>
Conditional or Ternary Operators
 Syntax:
$var = (condition)? value1 : value2;
Example:
<?php
$x = -12;
echo ($x > 0) ? 'The number is positive' : 'The number is negative';
?>
Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators Example
Example: $y = 30;
<?php $y *= 20;
// simple assign operator echo $y, "\n";
$y = 75; // Divide then assign(quotient) operator
echo $y, "\n"; $y = 100;
// add then assign operator $y /= 5;
$y = 100; echo $y, "\n";
$y += 200; // Divide then assign(remainder) operator
echo $y, "\n"; $y = 50;
// subtract then assign operator $y %= 5;
$y = 70; echo $y;
$y -= 10;
echo $y, "\n"; ?>
// multiply then assign operator
Array Operators
Array Operators Example
Example:
<?php
$x = array("k" => "Car", "l" => "Bike");
$y = array("a" => "Train", "b" => "Plane");
var_dump($x + $y);
var_dump($x == $y) + "\n";
var_dump($x != $y) + "\n";
var_dump($x <> $y) + "\n";
var_dump($x === $y) + "\n";
var_dump($x !== $y) + "\n";
?>
Increment/Decrement Operators
Increment/Decrement Operators
Example:
<?php $x = 2;
$x = 2; echo $x--, " First prints then decrements
echo ++$x, " First increments then prints \n";
\n"; echo $x;
echo $x, "\n";
$x = 2; ?>
echo $x++, " First prints then increments
\n";
echo $x, "\n";
$x = 2;
echo --$x, " First decrements then prints
\n";
echo $x, "\n";
String Operators Example
Example: echo $x . $y . $z, "\n";
<?php $x .= $y . $z;
echo $x;
$x = "Geeks";
$y = "for"; ?>
$z = "Geeks!!!";
Spaceship Operators (Introduced in PHP 7)
 Used to compare values but instead of returning Boolean result, it returns integer
values
 If both the operands are equal, it returns 0.
 If the right operand is greater, it returns -1
 If the left operand is greater, it returns 1
Spaceship Operators (Introduced in
PHP 7)
Example: // We can do the same for
<?php Strings
$x = 50; $x = "Ram";
$y = 50; $y = "Krishna";
$z = 25; echo $x <=> $y;
echo $x <=> $y; echo "\n";
echo "\n"; echo $x <=> $y;
echo $x <=> $z; echo "\n";
echo "\n"; echo $y <=> $x;
echo $z <=> $y; ?>
echo "\n";
Operator Precedence
 The precedence of an operator specifies how "tightly" it

binds two expressions together.
 In general, operators have a set precedence, or order, in
which they are evaluated.
Example:
An expression 10 + 5 * 2, the answer is 20
Associativity
 When operators have equal precedence their associativity

decides how the operators are grouped.
For example:
- is left-associative, so 1 - 2 - 3 is grouped as (1 - 2) - 3 and
evaluates to -4.
= is right-associative, so $a = $b = $c is grouped as $a = ($b = $c).
Operator PRECEDENCE and ASSOCIATIVITY
Associativit Operators
y
Highest Precedence
n/a ()
n/a new
right []
right ! ~ ++ --
(int) (double) (string) (array) (object)
left */%
left +-.
left << >>
n/a < <= > >=
n/a == != === !===
Operator PRECEDENCE and ASSOCIATIVITY Cont’d.
Associativit Operators
y
Highest Precedence
left &
left ^
left |
left &&
left ||
left ? :
left = += -= *= /= .= %= |= ^= ~= <<= >>=
right print
left and
left xor
left or
left ,
Lowest Precedence
PHP | Decision Making
Four (4) conditional statements
 if statement
 if…else statement
 if…elseif…else statement
 switch statement
if statement Flow Chart
if…else Statement Flow Chart
if…elseif…else Statement
Flow Chart
switch
Statement
Ternary Operators
 Syntax: }
(condition) ? if TRUE execute
this : otherwise execute this; // This whole lot can be
Example: written in a
<?php // single line using ternary
$x = -12; operator
if ($x > 0) { echo ($x > 0) ? 'The number is
positive' :
echo "The number is
positive \n"; 'The number is
negative';
}
?>
else {
echo "The number is
negative \n";
PHP | Loops
 four (4) types of looping techniques

 for loop
 while loop
 do-while loop
 foreach loop
PHP for loop
PHP while loop
PHP do-while Loop
PHP foreach
$scores = [1,2,3];
foreach ($scores as &$score) {
$score *= 2;
}
print_r($scores); // [2, 4, 6]
PHP foreach – used in associative array
Example:
<?php
$name = [
'firstname' => 'John',
'lastname' => 'Doe',
'middlename' => 'Bray'
];
foreach ($name as $key => $value) {
echo $key . ':' . $value . '<br>';
}
PHP foreach – iterate over public
properties of an object
Example: $this->lastName = $lastName;
class Person $this->middleName = $middleName;
{ }
public $firstName; }
public $lastName;
public $middleName; $john = new Person('John', 'Doe', 'Bray');
public function __construct($firstName, $lastName, foreach ($john as $propName => $propValue) {

$middleName)
echo $propName . ': ' . $propValue . '<br>';
{
}
$this->firstName = $firstName;
PHP | Functions
 With and without parameter(s)

 Reasons in using functions is its capability of the following: Reusability, Easier
error detection, and Easily maintained
 Two(2) major types of functions:
 Built-in functions : PHP provides us with huge collection of built-in library
functions. These functions are already coded and stored in form of functions. To
use those we just need to call them as per our requirement like, var_dump,
fopen(), print_r(), gettype() and so on.
 User Defined Functions : Apart from the built-in functions, PHP allows us to
create our own customized functions called the user-defined functions.
Using this we can create our own packages of code and use it wherever necessary
by simply calling it.
PHP | Functions Cont’d.
Syntax: {
function function_name(){ echo "This is Geeks for Geeks";
executable code; }
}
Example: // Calling the function
funcGeek();
<?php
?>
function funcGeek()
References
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/php_variable_types.htm
 http://www.phpknowhow.com/basics/data-types/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-variables-data-types/
 https://tutorialink.com
 https://www.guru99.com
 https://www.learn-php.org
 https://www.homeandlearn.co.uk

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PHP INTRODUCTION

 Stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

echo "<h1>My Heading Level One</h1>";

 Makes code more readable and understandable

 Single Line Comment

echo "hello world!!!";

# This is also a single line comment

 Multi-line or Multiple line Comment:

$geek = "hello world!";

 PHP is an HTML-embedded server-side scripting language.

 Sensitive of whitespace $sum = $var1

 PHP is case-sensitive echo $variable;

 A variable is a scalar when it holds a single value

 Floating point numbers, also known as floats, doubles or real numbers.

 Simplest data type

 A data type that can contain more category

 Stores a value of any type e.g., a string, a number, an array, an object, or a

echo gettype($int), '<br>';

$x = 10; // $x is not set if (isset($x)) {

if (isset($x)) { echo '$x is set. <br>';

echo '$x is set. <br>'; } else {

} else { echo '$x is not set. <br>';

echo '$x is not set. <br>'; }

echo '<br />';

 Scope of a variable is defined as its extent in program

 declared within a function

 specially-defined array variables

 It is a superglobal variable which is used to collect

 Used to collect data from the HTML form after

 Used to collect data from the HTML form after

// some arithmetic operations on

$x = 50; if ($x == 50 && $y == 30)

Example: echo $x . $y . $z, "\n";

 The precedence of an operator specifies how "tightly" it

 When operators have equal precedence their associativity

Four (4) conditional statements

 four (4) types of looping techniques

public function __construct($firstName, $lastName, foreach ($john as $propName => $propValue) {

 With and without parameter(s)

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