Prepared by:

Judyline T. Valenciano
BSED Biological Science 4A
Genetic engineering
 Is the process of manually adding new
DNA to an organism. The goal is to add
one or more new traits are not already
found in an organism.
 Refers to the direct manipulation of DNA
to alter organism’s characteristics
(phenotype) in a particular way.
 Sometimes called genetic modification,
is the process of altering the DNA in an
organism’s genome.
 This may mean changing one base pair (A-
T or C-G), deleting a whole region of DNA,
or introducing an additional copy of gene.
 It may also mean extracting DNA from
another organisms genome and combining
it with the DNA of that individual.
 Genetic engineering is used by scientists to
enhance or modify the characteristics of an
individual organism.
DNA “blueprint of life”
 Just like the English alphabet makes up
words using 26 letters, the genetic
language uses 4 letters to spell out the
instructions for how to make the proteins
an organism will need to grow and live.
 Small segments of DNA are called genes.
Each gene holds the instructions for how to
produce a single protein.
 An organism may have thousands of
genes. The set of all genes in an organism
is called a genome.
proteins
 They can be part of structures (such as
cell walls, organelles and the like)
 They can regulate reactions that take
place in cell. Or they can serve as
enzymes, speed up reactions.
 Everything you see in an organism is
either made of proteins or the result of a
protein action.
How is DNA important in genetic
engineering?
 DNA is the “universal language”, meaning
the genetic code means the same thing in
all organisms. It would be like if all
cookbooks around the world were written in
a single language that everyone knew. This
characteristic is critical to the success of
genetic engineering. When a gene for a
desirable trait is taken from one organism
and inserted into another, it gives the
“recipient” organism the ability to express
the same trait.
How does genetic engineering
work?
What else is genetic engineering
used for?
 The first genetically modified organism
to be created was a bacterium, in 1973.
 In 1974, the same techniques were
applied to mice.
 In 1994, the first genetically modified
foods were made available.
 Genetic engineering has a number of
useful applications, including scientific
research, agriculture and technology.
 In plants, genetic engineering has been
applied to improve the resilience, nutritional
value and growth rate of crops such as
potatoes, tomatoes and rice.
 In animals, it has been used to develop
sheep that produce a therapeutic protein in
their milk that can be used to treat cystic
fibrosis, or worms that glow in the dark to
allow scientists to learn more about
diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
Basic principle of genetic
engineering
 The basic principle of genetic
engineering is gene transfer.
 Ultimately influences the growth of
biotech industry.
 The two significant feature of genetic
engineering is production of beneficial
proteins and enzymes.
Recombinant proteins
 The industrial production of proteins is
done by transferring the desired gene
responsible for the particular protein to
be manufactured from the source
organism to the preferred host organism
through recombinant DNA technology.
Hunan genome project
 Vast potential applications to genetic
engineering.
 The purpose of this project is to locate
each human gene and determine its
specific structure and function.
 Although great strides have been made in
gene therapy in a relatively short time, its
potential usefulness has been limited by
lack of scientific data concerning the
multitude of functions that genes control in
the human body.
Transgenic animals
 Animals carrying foreign genes deliberately
introduced into them and exhibiting the
characteristics of the introduced genes.
 Transgenic animals are created to study
human diseases to derive appropriate
treatment methods and to develop and
identify drug useful to treat disease.
 The presence of human proteins in milk of
animals is made possible by genetic
engineering. Gene transfer is done in
animals to increase milk production and to
increase the growth.
Examples…
Transgenic plants
 The infection of plants by microorganism
mostly viruses, poor production and decline
quality of plants due to attack by insects
and the plants inability to withstand the
pesticide or the weedicide used in the
agriculture process welcomed the genetic
engineering technology to develop
transgenic plants with new characters like
resistance to infections, defensive against
the attacking insects and resistance to
pesticides and weedicide.
Examples…
 Applications of
genetic engineering
Medicines
 With different kinds of vaccines, antibodies
developed and easily available in the
market, many diseases are now in control
and can be treated. These element can be
injected to the bodies of the patient.
 Chemotherapy and Radiology, which are
very prominently used in cases of terminal
diseases, are a gift of nothing but genetic
research. Treatment of heredity diseases
too is possible by manipulating the genes
in the human body before birth.
Examples…
Industries
 Synthetically produced items are now
available in the markets which are used a
raw materials by the industrialists.
 Commercially viable items can also be
produced by using the biological
procedures like fermentation (in bakeries).
 Genetic research has been ale to tell
exactly what percentage and what
quantities of items should be used for
optimum results making everything
calculated and risk free.
Examples…
Agriculture
 Artificially synthesized fruits and
vegetables is just one of many aspects.
 Fertilizers and bio synthesizers which
help in proper growth of crops at the
same time killing the harmful bacteria.
Examples…
Humans
 Scientists are pondering over the
possibility of making children only with
desirable traits.
 Babies who have deficiency could be
treated with additions being done to their
genetic structure.
 Those who cannot reproduce due to
medical complications have also seen
positive results with surrogate parents
concept.
Examples…
Environment
 Genetic research has produced modified
microorganisms which have the ability to
degrade materials such as plastics, it is
also more efficient because of its
speedy process. They are used in
situations which may cause severe
damage to the planet earth like oil spills.
What is BIOTECHNOLOGY?
 It is a technology based on biology -
biotechnology harnesses cellular and
biomolecular processes to develop
technologies and products that help
improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
 We have used the biological processes of
microorganisms for more than 6,000 years
to make useful food products, such as
bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy
products.
 Modern biotechnology provides
breakthrough products and technologies
to combat debilitating and rare diseases,
reduce our environmental footprint, feed
the hungry, use less and cleaner energy,
and have safer, cleaner and more
efficient industrial manufacturing
processes.
HEAL THE WORLD

 Biotech is helping to heal the world by

harnessing nature's own toolbox and
using our own genetic makeup to heal
and guide lines of research by:
 Reducing rates of infectious disease;
 Saving millions of children's lives;
 Changing the odds of serious, life-
threatening conditions affecting millions
around the world;
 Tailoring treatments to individuals to
minimize health risks and side effects;
 Creating more precise tools for disease
detection; and
 Combating serious illnesses and
everyday threats confronting the
developing world.
FUEL THE WORLD

 Biotech uses biological processes such as

fermentation and harnesses biocatalysts such
as enzymes, yeast, and other microbes to
become microscopic manufacturing plants.
Biotech is helping to fuel the world by:
 Streamlining the steps in chemical
manufacturing processes by 80% or more;
 Lowering the temperature for cleaning clothes
and potentially saving $4.1 billion annually;
 Improving manufacturing process efficiency to
save 50% or more on operating costs;
 Reducing use of and reliance on
petrochemicals;
 Using bio fuels to cut greenhouse gas
emissions by 52% or more;
 Decreasing water usage and waste
generation; and
 Tapping into the full potential of
traditional biomass waste products.
FEED THE WORLD

 Biotech improves crop insect resistance,

enhances crop herbicide tolerance and
facilitates the use of more environmentally
sustainable farming practices. Biotech is
helping to feed the world by:
 Generating higher crop yields with fewer
inputs;
 Lowering volumes of agricultural chemicals
required by crops-limiting the run-off of
these products into the environment;
 Using biotech crops that need fewer
applications of pesticides and that allow
farmers to reduce tilling farmland;
 Developing crops with enhanced
nutrition profiles that solve vitamin and
nutrient deficiencies;
 Producing foods free of allergens and
toxins such as mycotoxin; and
 Improving food and crop oil content to
help improve cardiovascular health.
APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MEDICINE
 Biotechnology is a very huge field and its
applications are used in a variety of fields
of science such as agriculture and
medicine. The pasture of biotechnology,
genetic engineering, has introduced
techniques like gene therapy,
recombinant DNA technology and
polymerase chain retort which employ
genes and DNA molecules to make a
diagnosis diseases and put in new and
strong genes in the body which put back
the injured cells.
Biopharmaceutical

 By means of the technique of biotechnology,

the drugs biopharmaceuticals were urbanized.
There are no chemicals concerned in the
combination of these drugs, but
microorganisms have completed it likely to
expand them. Large molecules of proteins are
typically the source of biopharmaceuticals.
They when under attack in the body attack the
hidden mechanisms of the disease and wipe
out them. Now scientists are annoying to
expand such biopharmaceutical drugs which
can be treated against the diseases like
hepatitis, cancer and heart diseases.
EXAMPLES…
Gene therapy

 Gene therapy is one more technique of

biotechnologies which is used to delicacy
and diagnoses diseases like cancer and
Parkinson's disease. The apparatus of this
technique is that the fit genes are under
attack in the body which either obliterate
the injured cells or replace them. In some
cases, the fit genes make corrections in the
genetic information and that is how the
genes start performance in the favor of the
body.
Pharmacogenomics

 Pharmacogenomics is an additional
genetically modified method which is
used to learn the genetic information of
a personality. It analyzes the body's
reply to sure drugs. It is the mixture of
pharmaceuticals and genomics. The
aspire of this field is to expand such
drugs which are inserted in the person
according to the genetic information
there in the individual.
Genetic testing

 Genetic testing is a technique of

heredity which is used to conclude the
genetic diseases in parents, sex and
carrier screening. The technique of
genetic testing is to use DNA probes
which have the sequence alike to the
mutated sequences. This technique is
also used to recognize the criminals and
to test the parenthood of the child.
AGRICULTURE
 Biotechnology is frequently deliberated
the similar with the biomedical
investigate, but there are a group of
other industries which take advantage of
biotech method for studying, cloning and
varying genes. We have turn out to be
familiar to the thought of enzymes in our
everyday lives and a lot of people are
recognizable with the argument adjacent
the use of GMOs in our foods.
1. Vaccines
 Oral vaccines have been in the works
for much existence as a likely solution to
the increase of disease in immature
countries, where costs are excessive to
extensive vaccination. Hereditarily
engineered crops, frequently fruits or
vegetables, planned to carry antigenic
proteins from transferable pathogens
that will activate an immune reply when
injected.
Examples…
2. Flowers
3. Pesticide-Resistant Crops
What is Environmental Biotechnology?

 The application of Biotechnology to solve the

environmental problems in the environment and in
the ecosystems is called Environmental
Biotechnology.
 It is applied and it is used to study the natural
environment.
 According to the international Society for
environmental Biotechnology the environmental
Biotechnology is defined as an environment that
helps to develop, efficiently use and regulate the
biological systems and prevent the environment from
pollution or from contamination of land, air and water
have work efficiently to sustain an environment â€"
friendly Society.
Applications:

 There are five major different types of

Applications of Environmental
Biotechnology. They are as follows:
a) Biomarker:
 This type of Application of environmental
Biotechnology gives response to a chemical
that helps to measure the level of damage
caused or the exposure of the toxic or the
pollution effect caused. In other word,
Biomarker can also be called as the Biological
markers the major use of this applications
helps to relate the connection between the oils
and its sources.
b.) Bioenergy:
 The collective purport of Biogas, biomass,
fuels, and hydrogen are called the Bioenergy.
The use of this application of Environment
Biotechnology is in the industrial, domestic
and space sectors.
 One of the pioneer examples of green energy
are the wastes collected from the organic and
biomass wastes; these wastes help use to
over the pollution issues caused in the
environment. The Biomass energy supply has
become a prominent importance in every
country.
c) Bioremediation:
 The process of cleaning up the
hazardous substances into non-toxic
compounds is called the Bioremediation
process. This process is majorly used
for any kind of technology clean up that
uses the natural microorganisms.
d) Biotransformation:
 The changes that take place in the
biology of the environment which are
changes of the complex compound to
simple non-toxic to toxic or the other
way round is called the
biotransformation process. It is used in
the Manufacturing sector where toxic
substances are converted to Bi-
products.
Benefits
 The major benefits of environmental
biotechnology are it helps to keep our
environment safe and clean for the use of the
future generations.
 It helps the organisms and the engineers to
find useful ways of getting adapted to the
changes in the environment and keep the
environment clean and green.
 The benefit of environmental biotechnology
helps us to avoid the use of hazardous
pollutants and wastes that affect the natural
resources and the environment.
KAMSAHAMNIDA!!!