Secondary Industries

Types of Industries
Primary Industry
• An industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources / directly involve
with the nature.
• Includes Mining, Forestry, Agriculture and Fishing.

Secondary Industry
• An industry that processes or manufacture raw materials produced by primary industry into
goods that are more directly useable for consumers.
• It includes processing and manufacturing industries like Cotton Textile, Sugar Mills,
Cement, Fertilizer Industries etc.

Tertiary Industry
• An industry that provides goods or services to consumers
• It includes Transportation, Tourism, Education, Hospitals, Banks, Insurance Companies etc.
 Types of Secondary Industries
Cottage Industries
• Also called household industries. It is an industry in which employees work in their
own homes, often using their own equipment, mostly women and children work in
them. These type of industries have small investment and low output, categorizes as
informal sector.

Small-scale Industries
• A unit employing less than 50 persons if using power and less than 100 persons
without the use of power and with capital assets not exceeding Rs. five lakhs.
Categorizes as Formal sector or Informal sector both.

Large scale Industries

• Industries where there is no limit to the number of people employed (i.e. unlimited) as
well as investment (high capital), Mostly produced standardized goods, hired mostly
skilled labour, can be multinational. These industries categorizes in Formal sector, mostly
mechanized.
 Nature of Industries
Agro-based Industry
• An industry use agricultural products as their raw
materials.
Examples: Cotton Textile and Sugar Industry etc.
Mineral-based Industry
• An industry use different minerals as their raw
materials.
Examples: Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry and
Steel Mills etc.
 Common / Generic Importance of
Industries
• Meet the demand locally / domestically therefore reduce import
• Increase export and help to earn foreign exchange
• Returning of loans
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Economic Stability (helps government to stabilize price in country when goods are available
in sufficient quantity)
• Development of Infrastructure (Roads, Hospitals, etc.)
• Generate employment
• Correct Negative BOP ( Balance of Payment)
• Improve GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and GNP (Gross National Product)
• Agricultural development
• Promotes Specialization
• Mechanization
• Reduce Population Growth Rate
• Diversification in Economy (Industrialization eliminates dependence on agriculture only).
• Political Stability
 Problem Faced by Industries
• Shortage of raw material
• Inaccessibility
• Instable political situation and bad Law and Order condition ( Terrorism)
• Frequent change in Government Policies ( Nationalization,
Denationalization etc.)
• Strong competition in the International Market especially by Taiwan,
Korea, Egypt etc.
• Trade barrier and embargo ( Child labour etc.)
• Power shortage
• Outdated machinery
• Financial constrains
• Shortage of Skilled labour
 Shortage of Raw Material in Agro-
Industries (Agricultural Industries)
• Use of Traditional method of agriculture ( Local/Desi seeds, Natural fertilizers, Wooden
Machinery, Convectional method of irrigation like Persian Wheel, Charsa etc.)
• Attack by pest ( Locust on Cotton Crop) and diseases (Leaf Curl Virus on Cotton Crop) reduce
yield.
• Waterlogging and salinity.
• Natural hazards ( Flood, Drought etc.)
• Population Pressure
• Feudal system
• Law of Inheritance
• Poverty
• Unskilled labour
 Shortage of Raw Material in Mineral
based Industries

• Financial Constrains
• Lack of technical knowledge
• Lack of experts / skilled labour
• Inaccessible mineral deposits
• Lack of Government will / low priority given to mineral extraction
• Institutional mismanagement
•
Ways to improve Industries in Pakistan

• Increase production of raw material (via farming or mining respectively)

• Research into solutions to Diseases and pests in case of Agro-based
Industries.
• Irrigation for Agrarian Industries Only. I
• More investment/government support/tax holidays/loans
• Address child labour/environmental issues to ease international restrictions
• Modernise machinery/plant/technology
• Increase availability of power/electricity
• Training / education of workers
• Development of Roads, Railways
• Maintaining Law and Order
• Quality Check
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Developing Industries
Advantages
• Cheaper supplies (than imports)
• Saves foreign currency /
improves balance of payments /
reduce imports
• Can be used for development /
industrialisation e.g.
construction, machinery
• Larger GNP / GDP / national
income
• More work / employment
Disadvantages
• Lack of raw materials/imported
• High cost of imported iron / other raw
materials
• Burden on economy / less
development
• Cost / Lack of machinery / technology
/ set-up costs
• Cost / Lack of infrastructure / power
supplies / roads etc.
• Lack of skilled labour
• More waste / named pollution
• May encourage rural-urban migration
 Factors Affecting Industrial Location
Encourage
• Site ( Flat, Cheap and unused
land).
• Natural route ( near to densely
populated area / neighboring
countries or port)
• Raw material producing area
• Well developed infrastructure
( Road, rail etc.)
• Power supply
• High population density
• Government Incentives like EPZ,
Industrial estates etc.
Discourage
• Rugged landscape
• Extremely low and high
temperatures
• Low population density
• Shortage of power
• Inaccessibility
• Instable political situation /
termism
• Lack of Government interest.
 Cotton Textile Industry
• Textile industry
is primarily
concerned with
design and
production of
yarn, cloth,
clothing and
their
distribution.
 Cotton Gin is a machine that separates the seeds, seed
Ginning Mills hulls, and other small objects from the fibers of cotton (lint).

Cotton Ginning
Process

Seed Cotton ( Raw

Cotton)
↓
Cotton Seed Separation
↓
Lint Cleaner
↓
Cotton Bales
Process Flow Chart of Textile Manufacturing
Spinning
↓
Weaving
↓
Dyeing +Printing+ Finishing
↓
Garments Manufacturing
 Spinning Of Cotton
A: Opening / bales of cotton laid down
uniformly in layer / rollers used to
flatten cotton fibres / smooth out folds /
straighten fibres / spread out fibres;
B: Carding / sorts fibres to produce a
continuous web or slivers / teasing wires
produce loose bundles of fibres (web /
slivers) / the fibres (web / slivers) are
divided into threads;

Spinning is the process

of making yarns from
the textile fiber (lint).

C: Drawing / fibres are straightened / the combined

sliver (threads) is collected in moving cylinders
where fast and slow rollers further divide slivers /
slivers stretched / twisted / pulled out further.
 Weaving Mills

• Weaving is a method of
textile production in which
two distinct sets of yarns or
threads are interlaced at
right angles to form a fabric
or cloth.
• In weaving, lengthwise
yarns are called warp;
crosswise yarns are called
weft, or filling.
 Problem Faced by Cotton Textile
• Shortage of raw material
• Inaccessibility
• Instable political situation and bad Law and Order condition ( Terrorism)
• Frequent change in Government Policies ( Nationalization,
Denationalization etc.)
• Strong competition in the International Market especially by Taiwan,
Korea, Egypt etc.
• Trade barrier and embargo ( Child labour etc.)
• Power shortage
• Outdated machinery
• Financial constrains
• Shortage of Skilled labour
Describe the distribution of Study Fig. which shows the distribution of the
cotton textile industry in Pakistan.
cotton processing centres. [3]

• Most processing centres /

factories in Punjab
• Along rivers (in Punjab) / River
Indus (in Sindh)
• Not
• THE FOLLOWING REQUIRE
A NAMED TOWN IN AN
AREA
• Southern / Lower Sindh eg.
Hyderabad, Karachi
• Northern / Upper Sindh eg.
Sukkur, Larkana
• KPK / NWFP eg. Peshawar,
Nowshera
• Northern Baluchistan eg. Quetta
 Study graph which shows the output of yarn and cloth
between 1999 and 2008.

Compare the outputs

of cotton yarn and
cotton cloth from
1999 to 2008. [2]

• Yarn greater than

cloth
• Both increase
• Both make sharp
increase in 2004
• After 2005 cloth
levels out but yarn
continues to increase
 Advantages and Disadvantages of increasing Cotton Textile Production
Advantages Disadvantages
JOBS More available, can reduce unemployment, BUT need for literacy and skills, may cause rural urban
higher income, formal employment, move migration and its consequences
from primary to secondary

SKILLS Beneficial to workforce, higher earnings, BUT shortage of training at the present time increase import
related to tertiary sector
COMPETITION Will improve standards BUT cannot compete, low quality of Pakistan products,
synthetics may be cheaper

TRADE Will stimulate / increase trade, earn foreign BUT inadequate port facilities, poor roads / rail etc.
exchange, improve balance of payments, pay
off
debts

TECHNOLOGY Good for development, can improve quality BUT high cost, lack of skilled workforce, unemployment,
and / or quantity shortage of electricity, more imports

INFRASTRUCTU Stimulates construction of better roads, BUT higher costs, shortages at source, others may lose supply
RE railways, power supply, water supply e.g. power, water

GENERAL Increase GDP BUT – may cause less investment in other industries
less land for food crops
quality must be good
leaf curl virus / other pests
climatic limitations
etc.
Explain what can be done to improve Pakistan’s cotton
textile industry.

• Increase production of cotton crop / quality of cotton crop

• Research into solutions to leaf-curl virus
• Irrigation
• More investment/government support/tax holidays/loans
• Address child labour/environmental issues to ease
international restrictions
• Modernise machinery/plant/technology
• Increase availability of power/electricity
• Training / education of workers
 Sugar Industry
INPUTS
• Raw material growing areas
• Flat land
• Power by Bagasse, HEP and
National Grid
• High population density for
cheap labour
• Water from Rivers ( Indus,
Jhelum etc.) and lakes
• Government Incentives
( financial banking, provision
of Infrastructure, Industrial
Estates etc.)
• Well developed Roads.
• Financial support from Private
and Public sector and Foreign
Investors
PROCESS OUTPUTS
• Quick transportation after
Harvesting
• Washing and scrubbed with chalk • Gur
and water to remove smell and
dirt. • Brown Sugar
• Crushing with heavy rollers to
extract juice
• White Sugar
• Calcium Phosphate is added in • Bagasse
Sugar juice as it entrap some
impurities and absorb others and • Molasses
float to the top of the tank /
container, from where it is then
skimmed off.
• Filtration to clear the syrup and
become decolorized
• Purified Syrup is then crystallized
to produce refined Sugar.
 By-products of Sugar Mills
Bagasse Molasses
• (Fiber left when sugar cane stalk • (Viscous by-product; brown
crushed for Juice) colour liquid, produced during
• Used in making of; Crystallization )
– Paper • Used in making of;
– Chipboard – Animal feed
– Baskets – Bakers yeast
– Animal feed – Synthetic rubber
– And as a Fuel (especially in Sugar – Citric acid and Chemical Industry
Mills)
– Alcohol (etc.)
– Generate electricity
 Problems associated with Sugar
Industries and their possible solutions

Problems Solution
• Seasonal employment • Cottage and Small
• Skilled work may be lost due to seasonal jobs
industries using by-
• Inefficient use of machinery

• Deterioration of machinery due to less use

products.
• Delay in transportation of Sugar cane may force • Extra income for poor
farmers to sell their crop at low prices
farmers.
 Fertilizer Industry
INPUTS

• Natural Gas
• Nitrogen
• Sulphur
• Gypsum
• Potassium / Potash
• Phosphate
• Ammonia
• Fish, animal remains or bones
What are the benefits of increasing fertiliser production for the
people and the economy of Pakistan? [4]

• Higher yields
• More food production
• More agricultural exports, or improved balance of payments (max1)
• Reduced imports of fertiliser, or improved balance of payments
(max1)
• Higher GNP
• Less debt
• Higher farm incomes / profits
• More jobs
• Cheaper cost of fertiliser
• More industrial goods (e.g. cotton)
 Environmental Damages of a Fertilizer
Industry
• Pollution
• Land clearance (deforestation) cause loss of habitat and
soil erosion.
• Disposal of waste damage soil and land
• Degradation / deformation of land.
• Traffic congestion.
• Agricultural run-off is major contributor to the
Eutrophication of fresh water bodies. The main
contributor to eutrophication is phosphate, which allows
the growth of Algae, consume oxygen.
 Cement Industry
• Describe the distribution of
cement factories in Pakistan. [3]

• Examples
• Mostly north-east / Punjab area (1)
• One in central area (1)
• Cluster / six in south-east (1)
• Group / three close to / on coast /
in Sindh (1)
• Almost all in Punjab / Sindh / in
east of Pakistan (1)
 Cement Industry
PROCESS
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Crushing / Grinding and Mixing
• The main ingredients (Limestone and
• Raw material Clay/ shale) are crushed, mixed
(Limestone, clay or together in proper portion and then
• Cement
shale and Gypsum) ground further.
• Labour,
Heating / Baking
• Land / area
• Mixture heated in a Rotary Kiln. Coal
• Buildings (mostly) or Oil (occasionally) is used
• Machinery as a fuel.
• Money / capital /
Mixing
investment
• The Kiln products are ground with
• Power / electricity / gas calcium sulphate (Gypsum) to make
/ coal / oil cement.
• Water • Gypsum prevents cement from
setting too quickly after water is
added.
Uses of concrete
• Roads / pavement
• Bridges
• Multi-storey buildings
• Housing / flats
• Factories
• Offices
• Shops
• Street furniture e.g. lamp or electricity poles,
bollards
Importance of concrete to the development of Karachi /
any City
• Developing / increasing population, industrialisation,
offices, housing, ports, roads,
• Better roads for transport
• Better bridges for access
• Stronger building materials
• Long-lasting / more durable / less chance of damage
• More modern appearance like multi storey buildings
• Improving slums / squatters / Kacha Abadi
• Building Streets furniture like Poles, Street Lights/lamps
• Building Dams etc.
Advantages
To city and citizens
• Cheaper transport costs to work
• Readily available / quicker
supply
• Employment
To cement company
• Supply of labour
• Good infrastructure e.g. port,
roads, electricity, water (up to
2)
• Market / near demand
• Cheaper delivery costs
Disadvantages
• Air pollution / dust / smoke
• Noise
• Visual pollution / quarries }
pollution / Water pollution /
Dumping of waste
• Traffic congestion
• Loss of farmland
• Loss of other land uses e.g.
housing, roads, industry
• Population growth / rural-urban
migration
• Squatters / Kacha Abadi / slums
• May be distance from raw
materials
 Iron and Steel Industries
• Importance of Iron and steel industry for
Pakistan was cleared by 1955.
• The foundation stone for this gigantic project
was laid on the 30th of December, 1973 by the
then prime minister Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

• Covers an area of 75.4sq. Km includeing 32.9 sq.

Kmof Steel Township, Largest Industrial unit of
the Country.
Advantages and Disadvantages of increasing steel production in Pakistan
Advantages
• Cheaper supplies (than imports)
• Saves foreign currency / improves balance of payments / reduce imports
• Can be used for development / industrialisation e.g. construction, machinery
• (max 2 examples of use)
• Larger GNP / GDP / national income
• Independence from other countries
• More work / employment

Disadvantages
• Lack of raw materials/imported
• High cost of imported iron / other raw materials
• Burden on economy / less development
• Cost / Lack of machinery / technology / set-up costs
• Cost / Lack of infrastructure / power supplies / roads etc.
• Lack of skilled labour
• More waste / named pollution (max 2.)
• May encourage rural-urban migration
• Accept ‘increases balance of payments’ if opposite not given in advantages
Pakistan Steelworks is called ‘a large scale industry’

• Handles large quantities of raw materials

• Large production / large output / generates large income
• Large area / site
• Large electricity use / local power station
• Large gas use / large pipeline
• Large workforce
• Higher output per worker
• Large capital / investment
• Mechanized / automated
• Standardization of products
State three factors that make this site. suitable for the development of the Pakistan
Steel Mills. Explain one advantage that each factor gives to this industry. [6]
• Factors
• Flat / cheap / unused land
• Coastal site / natural / deep water harbour
• Limestone nearby / at Thatta / Murli Hills
• Fresh water nearby / at Lake Haleji
• Power stations nearby / at Pipri / Korangi
• Rail / road connection
• Township on site / near Karachi
• Advantages
• Low set-up cost
• Allows transport by ship / of heavy / bulky materials
• Cheap transport of raw materials
• Reliable / continuous power supply
• Ease of transport of raw / heavy / bulky materials / products [especially to HMC at Taxila]
• Readily available supply of labour
• Market for sales / exports
 PROCESS OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Crushing / Grinding and Mixing
• Raw material • The main ingredients (Limestone and
•
Clay/ shale) are crushed, mixed
Cement
(Limestone, clay or
together in proper portion and then
shale and Gypsum) ground further.
• Labour,
• Land / area Heating / Baking
• Mixture heated in a Rotary Kiln. Coal
• Buildings
(mostly) or Oil (occasionally) is used
• Machinery as a fuel.
• Money / capital /
investment Mixing
• The Kiln products are ground with
• Power / electricity / calcium sulphate (Gypsum) to make
gas / coal / oil cement.
• Water • Gypsum prevents cement from
setting too quickly after water is
added.
Raw material Out puts
• Iron Ore • Sheets
• Coal, Coke or Coking • Rolled sheets ( Hot &
Coal
Cold rolled sheets)
• Limestone
• Billets
• Manganese or
• Pig iron
Chromite
Pakistan machinery tool factory ( PMTF)

• Establish in 1968 in karachi with

collaborathion of Swiss company
 Heavy Mechanical Complex
• In 1968 govt began the construction of Heavy
mechanical complex at Taxila with Chinese
aid.
• It started production in 1971.
• Steel melting capacity of 6000 tonnes and
production capacity of 46000 tonnes
• Meet the needs of railways, automobiles and
heavy machinery.
Karachi shipyard and Engineering Works
• Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC)
established at Taxila in 1979 with Chinese
assistance.,
• Manufacture equipment's for HEP plants,
Thermal Power Plants, Oil and Gas processing
plants, Chemical and Petro-chemicals plants,
Boilers, Crane, Construction machinery, Steel
structure and Railway equipment's etc.
• Heavy Forge Factory (HFF) at this complex
essential for Pakistan’ Defence Needs
 Importance Of Small-scale and Cottage
Industries
• Generate employment, especially for women.
• Increase family income
• Meet the demands of the local market.
• Source of Foreign exchange through Exports of carpets, rugs etc.
• Reduction in to rural – urban migration.
• Use local raw material and Industrial waste like Bagasse etc.
• Reduce imports
• Promote primary industries by using local raw materials.
• Development in rural area.
• Does not required much capital and high technology.
• Enhance traditional skills.
 Problems of Small-scale and Cottage
Industries
• Limited profit.
• Economies of scale are not available therefore high production cost
• Lack of Standardization and quality control.
• Outdated production methods and machinery
• Shortage of electricity / power.
• Shortage of raw material.
• Exploitation of small-scale and cottage industrialist by wholesalers
• Limited training mostly inherited knowledge
• Lack of government incentives.
• Trade embargo due to child labour
 Government Policy towards Small-scale
and Cottage Industries
Organizations:
• Pakistan Small Industries
Corporation (PSIC)
• Punjab Small Industries
Corporation (PSIC)
• Sindh Small Industries
Corporation (SSIC)
• The Small Industries
Development Board NWFP
(SIDB)
• Directorate of Small Industries
Balochistan (DSIB)
Measures Taken:-
Establishment of industrial
estates.
Provision of marketing facilities.
Technical service centres.
Handcraft development centres
& carpet centress.
Providing pre-investment
counseling and guidance to new
comers.
Providing local and foreign
loans on easy installment
 SPORTS GOODS
• Raw materials; Rubber, Wood pulp, Stitching thread, Leather
etc.
• Process: Cutting (Wood and Rubber sheets) Sewing ,
stitching– done mainly in small worships
• Products; Footballs, Cricket bats, Balls, Hockey sticks,
Hockey balls and Rackets etc. are of high quality that meets
international standards.
• Location; Sialkot
• Export – Oriented, account 4% of total export
• Main Exporters: UK, Germeny, France, USA and Canada.
• Face competition from Taiwan, India and South Korea.
 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
• Raw materials; Stainless Steel, Leather etc.
• Main Importer of raw material; Europe and
Germany
• Location; Sialkot and Lahore
• More than 95% of goods are exported.
• Nearly 10,000 different types of instruments
manufactured.
• Very labour intensive Industry.
• Main Exporters; USA, UK and Germany
Reasons / Causes of development of Sports goods and
Surgical Instrument industries in Sialkot

• Easy to setup , low capital / input cost

• Availability of skill labour at a cheaper rate
• Local and foreign investment
• Availability of raw material locally
• Airport (Sambrial and Lahore International) for Business
activities
• Roads ( N5,KKH etc.) and Railways
• Power supply from National Grid System
• Good supply of natural gas and fresh water
• Dry port
• EPZ and Industrial Estate.
 Brick Industry
• Mostly located outskirts/ suburbs /
countryside.
• Process done manually ( Labour intensive)
 Brick Industry
INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS

Mixing
• Raw material • Clay mixed with water • Red Bricks
(Clay and Water)
Moulding
• Labour, • Place in moulds.
• Land / area
Drying
• Money / capital / • Moulded mixture dried under sun
investment
Heating / Baking
• Power (coal)
• Dry moulded bricks heated in a
Chimney. Coal (mostly) or
natural gas /Oil (occasionally) is
used as a fuel.
Pollution produced by Brick Industry

• Carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide.

• Nitrogen oxide
• Sulpur oxide.
• Smoke, ash, dust and smell
 Effects of Pollution produced by Brick
Industry
On People On Environment
Degradation of land due to
• Respiratory diseases mining
(Asthma) Deforestation
• Skin irritation Vegetation covered with ash
• Eye Infection and and dust
diseases
• Unclear view
• Deafness ( from
Noise)
 Methods to Improve Brick Industry

• Use of Natural gas instead of Coal to reduce

air pollution
• Use of Gasified / processed Coal
• Reforestation and Afforestation
• Increasing height of Chimneys
• Release of filtered smoke from chimneys
• Strict implementation of Environmental and
Child labour Laws.
 TOURISM

FACTORS AFFETING TOURISM:-

• Presence of tourist attractions.
• Security
• Capital
• Infrastructure
• Management
• Marketing
• Govt. privities
• Internal and External political and economic situation
ATTRACTIONSI N PAKISTAN:-
NATURAL:-
• Northern Areas: hiking, climbing, mountaineering, photography.
• Kaghan Valley: Shogrhans, fishing, lake
• Swat Valley: torrents, lakes, orchards
• Gilgit Valley:polo
• Skaradu
• Hunza Valley.
• Chitral

CULTURAL;
• Archeaological sites like; Moenjo daro, Harrappa and Taxila
• Historical sites like ; Khyber Pass
Masjids: Shah Jehan in Thatta.
Shalimar Gardens in Lahore.
Tombs:- Chaukandi, Makli
• Modern sites like; Faisal Mosque
Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azm
Minar-e-Paksitan
Dams and Barrages.
Salt Mine at Khewra
ADVANTAGES
• Foreign Exchange.
• Employment
• Encouragement to craft industries.
• Increase in production of food.
• Locals can use tourist facilities.
• Improvement in infrastructure due
to profit.
• Cultural Exchange.
• Reduction in rural-urban migration.
• Reduce debt
• Improve BOP
• Sustainable industry
DISADVANTAGES:-
Seasonal employment.
Money spent on tourism can be used
for other important purposes.
Destruction of local culture and
traditions.
Inflation.
Environmental degradation: cutting of
trees to build hotels.
Poor security, political istability
Bad management and corruption
Poor transport system
Infrequent air access (in north of
Pakistan)
Income varies (depend on number of
tourist)