Web Technologies

Introduction to the Internet

and
Internet Protocols
 Internet
• It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of
thousands of individual networks all over the world.

• The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.

• Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas

and information through cyberspace – the space of electronic
movement of ideas and information.
• No one owns it
• It has no formal management organization.

• As it was originally developed by the Department of defense, this lack

of centralization made it less vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks.

• To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small

registration fee and agree to certain standards based on the TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) .
 Uses of the Internet
• Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send
and receive e-mail. Some 20 million e-mail messages cross the Internet
every week.
• Research.
• Downloading files.
• Discussion groups. These include public groups, such as those on
Usenet, and the private mailing lists that ListServ manages.
• Interactive games. Who hasn’t tried to hunt down at least one game?
• Education and self-improvement. On-line courses and workshops
have found yet another outlet.
• Friendship and dating. You may be surprised at the number of
electronic "personals" that you can find on the World Wide Web.
• Electronic newspapers and magazines. This category includes late-
breaking news, weather, and sports. We’re likely to see this category
leap to the top five in the next several years.
• Job-hunting. Classified ads are in abundance, but most are for
technical positions.
• Shopping. It’s difficult to believe that this category even ranks. It
appears that "cybermalls" are more for curious than serious shoppers.
 1.World Wide Web
• The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web
pages containing text and graphic images.

• It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead

to related information.

• Web page is an electronic document written in a computer language

called HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

• These web pages are linked together through a system of connections

(called hypertext links, hyperlinks, links), which enable the user to jump
from one page to another by clicking on a link.

• On the web, the user navigates through these pages of informationin

accordance of his/her interests.
 World Wide Web (Cont..)
WEB SITE

• A website is a set of related web pages, published and owned by an

organisation or individual.

• It contains a home page along with other additional web pages.

• It is an area on the web, which can be accessed by its own address

(known as URL).

• The quality, detail and style of websites vary enormously, depending

on how it is designed.

HOME PAGE

• Home page is the starting point or dooeway to the website.

• It provides an ovreview found at the website.

• It is also called as index or index page.

 World Wide Web (Cont..)
BROWSER

• A Browser is a computer program that accesses web pages and displays

them on the computer screen.

• It is the basic software that is needed to find, retreive, view, and send
information over the internet.

• The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Chrome.

The two types of browser are:

Graphical Browser

• Graphical browsers allow retreival of texts, images, and other multimedia.

Both Internet explorer and chrome are graphical browsers.

Text Browser

• Text browsers provide access to the web in text - only mode. Lynx is an
example of text - based browser.
 World Wide Web (Cont..)
• Website and home page of WHO
• Example: https://www.who.int/
 1.a.Uniform Resource Locator
• Each web page has a unique address, called Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) that identifies its location on the internet (e.g.
HTML page, image, sound clip etc).

• Web browsers utilise the URL to retrieve a file from the

computer on which it resides.
 PARTS OF URL
• https://vit.ac.in/all-courses/pg
Protocol Domain Directory and
name Resource path

PROTOCOL
• The protocol gives the method of communication to be used. http is most
common, but you may see ftp as well.
DOMAIN NAME
• The domain name is the name of the computer that has the resource you
want.
• This computer is often called the host.
• Domain names are broken down into different levels.
1. The top level domain (.in)
2. The second level domain name is vit
3. The third level domain name is https
 PARTS OF URL
Domains that are typical on the internet are:

• com - Commercial and for profit organisations

• edu - Colleges and universities (education providers)

• gov - Federal government agencies

• mil - US military sites

• net - Internet infrastructure and service providers

• org - Miscellaneous and non - profit organisations

 PARTS OF URL
• DIRECTORY AND RESOURCE PATH

– Different levels of a path are always separated by forward slashes,

regardless of the host system.

– If multiple users are hosted on a system, the first part of the path will be
~user.

– The last part of the path is the actual resource desired, usually an
HTML page.

– The extension for HTML files can be .htm or .html (recommended)

– If no resource is given, the server will try to display a page named

index.html. If not found, it may display a directory listing, if permitted.

– A fragment identifier can be used to specify a given part of an HTML

page.

– This is useful for long documents.

 PARTS OF URL
• PATHS

– Since graphics are not embedded in web pages, the location

of the graphic is indicated to the web browser with a path in
HTML.

• PORT

– The port specifies the port number that the server is listening
to for requests.

– Port number is optional

– If not given, the default of port 80 is used.

– use different port numbers - The exact path to the desired

resource follows the domain name (and port number if given).
 1.b.Hypertext Markup Language

• The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like
the files used by word-processing software.

• To allow Web browser software to read them, the text must be

formatted according to a generally accepted standard.

• The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup language (HTML).

 2.Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• ISP is an organisation that provides required software, which is
used to connect the internet.

• Examples: Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T

Networks.

• Factors considered while choosing ISP:

– Speed and consistency of the internet

– Reliability

– Technical assistance

– Price and other additional services

 2. ISP (Cont...)
Web server

• A server is a computer equipped with the server software, which

provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other
computers.

• It can run on any hardware platform and operating systemand store

documents in HTML.

Download and Upload

Download refers to the activity of moving or copying a document, or

data from the internet to the intercennected computer.

Upload refers to the activity of moving or copying a document or data

from one computer to other, usually to a server or remote computer.
 2. ISP (Cont...)
Online and Offline

Online

• Online is reffered to as connected to the world wide web via internet.

• Being online is also used to refer to materials stored on a computer

or to device like printer that is ready to accept commands from a
computer.

Offline

• Offline refers to the actions performed when the user is not

connected to another computer or network.

• If printer is not ready to receive data from computer, it is also

considered as internet.
 3.Internet Protocol (IP)
• Internet Protocol(IP) specifies the format of packets, and the
addressing scheme.

• Most networks combine IP with higher – level protocol called

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual
connection between a destination and a source.

• It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but

thee is no direct link between you and the recipient.

• TCP/IP establishes a connection between two hosts so that they

can send message back and forth for a period of time.
 Purpose of the IP
• The internet protocol defines the basic unit of data transfer (IP datagram).

• IP software performs the routing function.

• It includes a set of rules that process the idea of unreliable packet delivery.

IP Service
•Delivery service of IP is minimal
•It provides an unreliable connectioness best effort service:
•Unreliable : IP doesn’t make an attempt to recover lost packets.
•Connectionless: Each packet is handled independently.
•Best Effort: it doesn’t make guarantees on the services (no through output).
•IP supposrts the following services
1. one to one (unicast)
2. one – to – all (broadcast)
3. one – to –several (multicast)
 Layers of IP
• Physical layer – Deals with hardware of network (cables, connectors)

• Data link layer – deals with MAC addresses of devices (wireless

access points)

• Network layer – deals with packets (Router)

• Transport layer – deals with segments (proxy server, firewall)

• Session layer – responsible for establishing, managing and terminating

user connections

• Presentation layer – allows host and applications to use common

language

• Application layer – provides interface for user to communicate with

applications (FTP, Telnet, HTTP, SMTP)
 3.a.TCP/IP
• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to
share resources across a network.

• The most well known network adopted TCP/IP is internet.

• It is supported by UNIX operating system.

• The objectives of FTP:

– Promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data)

– Encourage indirect or implicit (via programs) use of remote computers

– Shield a user from variations in file storage systems among hosts

– Transfer data reliably and efficiently

 3.b.HTTP
• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use
to move files from one computer to another on the Internet.

• The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is the

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

• The HTTP is the Web’s application-layer protocol for transferring

various forms of data between server and client like plaintext,
hypertext, image, videos and sounds

• Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet Protocol.
 HOW HTTP WORKS?
• HTTP is implemented in two
programs: a client program and a
server program, executing on
different end systems, talk to each
other by exchanging HTTP
messages.

• The HTTP client first initiates a TCP

connection with the server. Once the
connection is established, the
browser and the server processes
access TCP through their socket
interfaces.
 HTTP REQUEST MESSAGE
• The first line of an HTTP request message is called the request line;
the subsequent lines are called the header lines. The request line has
three fields: the method field, the URL field, and the HTTP version field.
The method field can take on several different values, including GET,
POST, HEAD, PUT, and DELETE etc. The great majority of HTTP
request messages use the GET method. The GET method is used
when the browser requests an object, with the requested object
identified in the URL field. REQUEST METHODS
•GET: Retrieve Document identified in URL
HEAD: Retrieve meta information about
document identified in URL
•DELETE: Delete specified URL
•OPTIONS: Request information about
available options
•PUT: Store document under specified URL
POST: Give information to server
•TRACE: Loopback request message
•CONNECT: For use by Proxies
 HTTP RESPONSE MESSAGE
• It has three sections: an initial status line, header lines, and then the
entity body. The entity body contains the requested object itself. The
status line has three fields: the protocol version field, a status code, and
a corresponding status message.
 3.c.FTP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used
to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP/IP-based
network, such as the Internet.
• FTP is built on a client-server architecture
• Simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the
Internet.
• Transferring files from a client computer to a server computer is
called "uploading" and transferring from a server to a client is
"downloading“.
• It doesn’t have 7 layers but only 4 layers:
• Important terms of FTP
– FTP Site
– FTP Client
– FTP Server
 FTP Site
• FTP site is like a large filing cabinet

• Virtual key to get into an FTP site is the User ID and Password

• Creator of site decides whether to give public access or not.

• To make an FTP connection you can use a standard Web browser or FTP Client

FTP client
• Software designed to transfer files back-and-forth between two computers over
the Internet.

• It needs to be installed on your computer and can only be used with a live
connection to the Internet.

• Two-pane design for Classic FTP Client.

• File transfers are as easy as dragging-and-dropping files from one pane to the
other

• Softwares: FTP Surfer, FTP Commander, Bit Torrent, Ace FTP.

 FTP Proxy Transfer
• FTP provides the ability for a client to have data transferred from
one FTP server to another FTP server.

• Several justifications for such a transfer exist, including:

– To transfer data from one host to another when direct access

to the two hosts are not possible

– To bypass a slow client connection

– To bypass a firewall restriction

– To reduce the amount of traffic within the client’s network

 Commands
• Connect to a remote host: To execute a file transfer, the user begins by
logging in to the remote host
– open: Selects the remote host and initiates the login session.

– user: Identifies the remote user ID.

– pass: Authenticates the user.

– site: Sends information to the foreign host that is used to provide services specific to
that host.

• Navigate and manipulate the directory structure:

– cd: Changes the directory on the remote host.

– lcd: Changes the directory on the local host.

– ls: Lists the contents of the remote directory. This command is intended to create
output readable by human users.

– dir: Lists the contents of the remote directory. Similar to the ls command, the list
generated by dir is treated as data and requires the use of a data connection.
 Commands
• Controlling how the data is transferred: The user has to decide on
three aspects of the data handling
– The way the bits will be moved from one place to another

– The different representations of data on the system's architecture

– The file structure in which the data is to be stored

• mode: Specifies whether the file is treated as having a record structure

in a byte stream format

• type: Specifies the character sets used in translating and representing

the data.

• structure: Specifies the structure of the file to be transferred.

 Commands
• Transferring files: commands can be used to copy files between FTP
clients and servers
– get: Copies a file from the remote host to the local host.

– mget: Copies multiple files from the remote to the local host.

– put: Copies a file from the local host to the remote host.

– mput: Copies multiple files from the local host to the remote host.

• Terminating the FTP session: commands can be used to end an FTP

session
– quit: Disconnects from the remote host and terminates FTP. Some
implementations use the BYE subcommand.

– close: Disconnects from the remote host but leaves the FTP client running.
An open command can be issued to establish a new control connection.
 Features of FTP
• FTP operates in a client/server environment, meaning that the remote machine is
configured as a server, and consequently waits for the other machine(client) to
request a service from it.

• In UNIX, the service is provided by what is called a daemon, a small task that
runs in the background. The FTP daemon is called ftpd.

• The FTP protocol is used for transferring one file at a time, in either direction,
between the client machine (the one which initiated the connection, i.e. the
calling machine) and the server machine (which provided the FTP service, i.e.
the called machine).

• The FTP protocol can also perform other actions, such as creating and deleting
directories (only if they are empty), listing files, deleting and renaming files, etc.

• FTP allows files to have ownership and access restrictions

• FTP hides the details of individual computer systems

FTP Vs HTTP