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mikroskop.
• Yang meliputi : SMOOTH ER
• I. Sel PLASMODESMA
KRT-2010 1
These are Organisms
(living things)
KRT-2010 2
Any Organism is Made Up Of
Organ Systems
• An organ system is a group
of organs that work together.
Digestive
System
Muscular Cardiovascular
System System
(Front
View) Skeletal System
(Front View)
Click here Bone
to see how (anatomy) --
Media -- KRT-2010 3
joints Encarta ®
work: Online
Organ Systems are Made Up of
Organs
Heart Lungs
Brain
Skin (Cut
View)
Liver
KRT-2010
Eye4
Organs are made up of
Tissues
A piece of an
organ is a
tissue.
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/cardiology/heart/photographs.html
Unhealthy
Heart Tissue KRT-2010 5
(enlarged)
Tissues are made up of
Cells
BrainPOP - Health, Science, Technology
Animation and Educational Site for Kids.
KRT-2010 6
Organisms
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
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Organisms
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
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Cells are made of Organelles
Golgi Body
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Ribosome
Chloroplast Vacuole
Cell
Membrane
Nucleus Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
KRT-2010 9
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
Test Yourself: Name the
Organelles in a Plant Cell
9 11
1 3
10
4
7
2
6 5
8
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I. SEL
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1. SEL Animal Cell
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2. BAGIAN – BAGIAN SEL
Primer
Lamela tengah
SEL
Nucleus
2. PROTOPLAST
Cytoplast
Senyawa organik
KRT-2010
& anorganik 14
Ektoplas (Sitoplast)
Protoplasma Polioplas ()
Tonoplas (Vakoule)
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A. Cell wall
-- defines the shape of the cell
Middle lamella
Intercellular space
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2.1 DINDING SEL
Sel muda dindingnya tipis/primer, kemudian terjadi
penebalan/sekunder.
Pada bagian tertentu tidak terjadi penebalan/ terbentuk
lubang antar sel/pit (noktah)
Senyawa penyusun dinding sel antara lain :
• Pectin
• Cellulosa
• Lignin
• Suberin/Gabus
• Chitine/ sat kresik
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2.1.1 LAPISAN DINDING SEL
1.Dinding Primer
2.Dinding Sekunder
3.Lamela Tengah
Contoh pada Sel parenkhim : sel yang tumbuh khas
Dinding tipis
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2.1.2 DINDING PRIMER
Terdapat pada :
Sel muda/meristem
Sel penyimpan
Sel yang melakukan fotosintesis
Ciri-ciri :
1. Tipis (terbentuk saat sel tumbuh) “cellulose fibrils”
2. Membungkus membran – lekat dengan dinding primer
• 1-3 mm
• 9 – 25% sellulose dengan susunan searah (seperti kristal dan daya renggang
kawat baja dan pada kabel)
• 25 – 50% hemisellulose
• 10 – 35% pektat/pectin
• 10% protein
3. Berpori – diameter 3.5 – 5.2 mm (air = 0.3 mm; gula 1 mm)
Jadi apoplas (kain berpori di dalamnya ada balon diisi air)
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2.1.3 DINDING SEKUNDER
Protoplas – mengekskresikan setelah berhenti membesar
Lebih tebal dari dindng primer
Sellulose 41 – 45%
Hemisellulose 30%
Lignin 22 – 28% - tidak mudah dimampatkan dan dibentuk
lebih tegar seperti batang baja
(tidak layu ke - air)
Pola sel yang berhenti berkembang – lignin diendapkan
pada lamella tengah, dinding primer, dinding sekunder
Misal : sel xylem/sel kayu/sel gabus, penebalan cincin,
jaring-jaring, per
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2.1.4 LAMELA TENGAH
Senyawa pektat/pectin – gel/buah mentah (gel, selai)
PLASMODESMATA :
• Benang-benang sitoplasma yang melewati
• Noktah – lapangan noktah primer
• Simplas > apoplas, tetapi partikel diameter
lebih kecil 10 mm
• Adanya Pe + hasil metabolisme pada dinding sel,
terbentuk Ceruk /noktah :
1.Noktah Sederhana
2.Noktah Terlindung
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Plant Cells
• Cell wall
– primary walls – laid
down while cell is
growing
– middle lamella –
glues cells together
– secondary walls –
inside the primary
cell walls after
growth
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2.2 PROTOPLAST
- Plasma sel :
cairan sel, sebagai tempat distribusi beberapa organel
1. Inti sel/nucleus (membran, rangka, nucleolus, caira inti)
2. Plastida : leucoplast, chloroplast/chlorophyl, chromoplast
3. Mitokondria
4. Ribosom
5. Sentrosome dan lain sebagainya
Interphase
Prophase
Mitosis Metaphase Chromosom sel anak
Anaphase = Induknya
Telephase
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Konsep Diferensiasi Sel
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Struktur Dinding Sel
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Pembentukan Dinding Sel Sewaktu Pembelahan Sel
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Kromoplas
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Grana & Stroma
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Mikrofibril dalam Dinding Sel Primer
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Noktah & Plasmodesmata
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Struktur Noktah
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Diagram Sel Tumbuhan
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Bagan Sel Tumbuhan
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Organelles
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Butir Pati dalam Tumbuhan
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Phloem
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Tabel Bagian-bagian Sel
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Tabel Bagian-bagian Sel
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Epidermis
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Sifat Dasar Cambium
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4. PROSES PEMBELAHAN SEL
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Meiosis
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Meiosis
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II. JARINGAN
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1. DEFINISI JARINGAN
Sekumpulan sel
yang mempunyai
bentuk dan fungsi yang sama,
Kemudian,
Beberapa jaringan tsb
menyusun organ : akar, batang & daun
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2. TIPE - TIPE JARINGAN
J. Sederhana = tsusun dr 1 macam sel
1. Tipe sel penyusun
J. Kompleks = tsusun lebih dr 1 macam sel
Ciri – Ciri =
- Jaringan dari kumpulan sel muda,
- Terdapat pada titik tumbuh / ujung akar dan batang,
- Berbentuk kubus,
- Berdinding tipis,
- Protoplas penuh.
Sifat =
- Senantiasa membelah,
- Fungsi pertumbuhan
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TIPE - TIPE JARINGAN MERISTEM
Apikal
Lateral
Jaringan Meristem
Primer
2. Berdasar ASAL
Kambium
Sekunder
Fellogen
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3. CONTOH JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
2. Parenkhim / J. Dasar
Contoh
Jaringan 3. Kolenkhim / J. Penunjang
4. Sklerenkhim / J. Penguat
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4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
1. Epidermis
Ciri – Ciri =
- Jaringan kulit luar dan sederhana yg dijumpai
pd permukaan akar, batang, daun & buah.
- Merupakan 1 lapis sel yg seragam,
- Modifikasi sbg sel guard pada daun dan bulu pada akar,
- Rapat tanpa ruang antar sel,
- Umumnya tidak berhijau daun,
- Terdapat lapisan kutikula pada daun dan batang.
Fungsi =
- Melindungi jaringan-jaringan didalamnya,
- Pada akar mengabsorbsi air,
- Pada buah mengandung kromoplas,
- Pada batang mengandung antosian,
- Pada daun terdapat stomata
KRT-2010 55
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
2. Parenkhim
Jaringan dasar sederhana yg menyusun sebagian besar
organ tumbuhan.
Terdapat pada akar, batang, daun dan buah.
Ciri – ciri :
- Sel hidup / merismatik
- Dinding tipis dan noktah sederhana
- Bentuk sel bulat, persegi s/d panjang
- Terdapat ruang antar sel
- Ada yg berisi klorofil pd jaringan palisade
- Ada yg berisi pada organ penyimpan cadangan
- Dijumpai pd empulur, korteks, mesofil daun, xilem & floem
KRT-2010 56
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
3. Kolenkhim
Ciri –ciri :
- Sel hidup / merismatik
- Dinding sel ada penebalan primer / tak berlignin
- Ulet dan plastis
- Tidak terdapat ruang antar sel
- Banyak dijumpai pd cabang yg masih muda
- Juga tepat dibawah epidermis
KRT-2010 57
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
4. Sklerenkhim
Jaringan dasar sederhana yg mrp
penguat organ tumbuhan dewasa.
Membentuk 2 macam bentuk serat, yakni :
Serat dan seklereit.
d) Jaringan EMPULUR
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim.
Fungsi = penyimpan cadangan makanan.
e) Jaringan CORTEKS
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim,
kholenkhim, kadang jg sklerenkhim dan secretorry sel
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5. PROSES TUMBUH & PERKEMBANGAN SEL
- Pembelahan
Mitosis Akar
Miosis Kumpulan sel
Yang mempunyai
- Pembesaran Fungsi Batang
Perubahan isi sel dan bentuk
Yang sama
- Diferensiasi Daun
Proses tumbuh dari sel
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Dinding Sel Kolenkim
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Jaringan Parenkhim
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Tahap Perkembangan Komponen Pembuluh
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Sistem Jaringan
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Kambium Pembuluh
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Irisan Melintang Daun
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Xylem & Phloem
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III. SISTEM JARINGAN
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1. DEFINISI SISTEM JARINGAN
Sekumpulan jaringan
yang bekerja pada suatu organ,
dan organ-organ itu
akan menyusun
suatu tubuh tumbuhan
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2. PERKEMBANGAN MERISTEM
Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Parenkhim
Collenkhim Jar. Floem
Felloderm & Sklerenkhim Xilem sekunder Kambium
Fellem Skretory Floem sekunder Jar. Xilem
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3. LOKASI / POSISI
KRT-2010 77
4. PERTUMBUHAN SEKUNDER
Menjadikan umur tanaman
Pertumbuhan Menjadi lebih panjang
Sekunder Secara individu
Fascicular cambium
1. Pembentukan
Kambium Vaskuler
Interfascicular cambium
Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Fellem
2. Pembentukan
Kambium Gabus
Felloderm
KRT-2010 78
5. Kambium Vaskuler / CCV
1. Vascicular Cambium
Kambium awal terbentuk dalam ikatan vaskular
2. Interfascicular Cambium
Pembentukan Sel meristem dasar berdiferensiasi menjadi
j. parenkhim diantara ikatan pembuluh dan
meristem. Fungsi = spt kambium
2. Interfascicular Cambium
Meneruskan produksi sel parenkhim,
Sbg xilem dan floem tertentu
KRT-2010 79
6. Kambium Gabus / Fellogen
KRT-2010 80
IV. ORGAN
Ke bawah Tudung akar
Ujung akar
/ apikal meristem
Ke atas
AKAR
Meristem dasar :
Korteks Prokambium vaskuler :
sbg endodermis - pericycle :
akar lateral,
kambium gabus,
Organ Protoderm : kambium vaskuler
epidermis - primer xilem
- kambium vaskuler
- primer floem
- empulur
DAUN
daerah absisi
trace gab leaf
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V. SEL & ORGANELLES
KRT-2010 82
Organelle Functions
Safely holds
all organelles Gives Protects cell
Chlorophyll instructions from invaders (sun & insects)
(food) is made to the cell Stores
in this structure water & food
(through Holds
photosynthesis) cytoplasm &
allows
Passageway food/water to
through which Receive materials Breaks down enter/exit cell
materials in cell from E.R. and food/worn-out cell Gives
are moved send them to parts and releases energy to
other parts of cell.
them from cell the cell
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Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellular-
composed of many
cells that may
organize
KRT-2010 84
Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes include bacteria &
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
KRT-2010 85
Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•Cell membrane &
cell wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm
KRT-2010 86
Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
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Lysosome Hewan
KRT-2010 92
Nucleolus
KRT-2010 93
Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes &
makes proteins
USED In the cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to
EXPORT
KRT-2010 94
RIBOSOM
Ribosom
- present in plastids and
mitochondria
- RNA is present in this
particulates
- frequently associated with the
cytoplasmic membran-system,
the endoplasmic reticulum.
- polyribosomes = polysomes,
appear in groups, as helical
aggregations
KRT-2010 95
Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to
make sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesis
KRT-2010 96
Chloroplasts
Convert sunlight energy to
ATP through
photosynthesis
• Notice the larger surface
area created by
thylakoid discs.
• What chemicals are
found embedded in these
membranes?
• The fluid-filled portion of
the chloroplast is called
stroma.
KRT-2010 97
Chloroplast
KRT-2010 98
Plant Cell Organelles
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of Cellular
respiration
Burn Sugars to produce
energy ATP
KRT-2010 99
Mitochondria
• Double membrane organelle
– central cavity filled with matrix
– inner membrane folds = cristae
• large surface area for chemical
reactions of cellular respiration
• Function
– efficient generation of ATP
– “powerhouse of cell”
• Mitochondria self-replicate
– increase in # when need for ATP
increases
– circular DNA with 37 genes
– only inherited from mother (in egg)
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Plant Cell
Cell membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable
KRT-2010 101
Plant Cell
Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the
movement of
materials into
and out of the
cell
KRT-2010 102
Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place KRT-2010 103
Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
KRT-2010 104
Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
KRT-2010 105
Plant Cell Organelle
Nucleus
Controls the normal
activities of the cell
Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
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Different kinds of plant
cells
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vacuole cytoplasm
Animal cell
No cell wall or
chloroplast
nucleus Stores glycogen
in the
mitochondrion cytoplasm for
food energy
cell
glycogen membrane
granule KRT-2010 108
Animal Cell Organelles
Amoeba
muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Paramecium
KRT-2010 110
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Relatively Relatively
smaller in size larger in size
Irregular shape Regular shape
No cell wall Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
KRT-2010 116
Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together
and work
as a whole
to perform
special
functions
KRT-2010 117
Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular
function
–Animals : epithelial
tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll
KRT-2010 118
Organ
• Different tissues group
together to carry out
specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular
tissue
KRT-2010 119
The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
KRT-2010 121
System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a
co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory, nervous and reproductive
systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of Organization
It’s You!
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve
cells)
TISSUES (muscle,
epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs,
stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory
system)
ORGANISM (human)
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