BASIC ENGINEERING EBE015

5.2 BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

d) Types of Circuits

 Series Circuit
 Parallel Circuit
 Series – parallel Circuit
Series Circuits

9 ohm
A

IT R1

VS R2

30 V 6 ohm

C
 Series Circuit

IT R1

VS R2

R3

Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.

All components share the same (equal) current.
Resistances add to equal total resistance
 Series Circuit

A
B
IT R1

VS R2
Series circuit

V  VR1  VR 2
Accumulated voltage drop is equivalent to total used. S
All components share the same (equal) current.
Accumulated resistance is equivalent to total resistance
 Series Circuit

Equation
It
+
VR1
-
+
VS – VR1 – VR2 = 0 or

VR2 R2
VS = VR1 + VR2
VS
-
Voltage drop in each resistor
VR1 = It x R1 , VR2 = It x R2
Series circuit

Current IT = VS/(R1 + R2) = VS/RT

Total resistance RT = R1 + R2
 Series Circuit (Example)

Figure above shows a series circuit.

Calculate:
i. Total resistance
ii. Current circuit
iii. Voltage across R2
iv. Power dissipation on R1
 Series Circuit (Example)

Solution
Given: VS = 35 , R1 = 30Ω , R2 = 50Ω ,
R3 = 60Ω
i. Total resistance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 30+ 50+ 60
= 140Ω

ii. Current circuit

IT = VS/RJ = 35/140 = 0.25 A
 Series Circuit (Example)

iii. Voltage drop across R2

VR2 = IT x R2
= 0.25 x 50
= 12.5 V

iv. Power dissipation on R1

PR1 = I2 x R1
= (0.25)2 x 30
= 1.88 W
 Series Circuit (Voltage divider)

R1 Voltage drops across R1

 VS 
It
+
VR1
- VR1  I x R1    x R1
+  RT 
VR2 R2  VS 
  x R1
VS
-
 R1  R2 
 R1 
  x VS
 R1  R2 

Voltage drop across R2

 R2 
VR2    x VS
 R1  R2 
 Series Circuit (Voltage divider)

R1= 40 Voltage drop across R1

 R1 
It
+
VR1
- VR1    x VS
+  R1  R2 
VR2 R2= 60  40 
  x9
Vs= 9  40  60 
-
 3.6 V

Voltage drop across R2

Referring to above figure,
 R2 
Calculate the voltage drop VR2    x VS
 R1  R2 
across R1 and R2  60 
  x9
 40  60 
 5.4 V
Definition
A circuit where two components or elements have both
nodes in common

IT I1 I2

R1 R2
VS

Parallel circuit
 Parallel Circuit

IT I1 I2 1 1 1
 
R Total R1 R 2
R1 R2
VS

R 1R 2
R Total 
R1  R 2

•The voltage across each of the parallel resistances

is the same and equals to the voltage source
•The sum of the current in the parallel resistances
is to equal to the current either entering or leaving
 Parallel Circuit

IT I1 I2

R1 R2
VS

IT = I1 + I2
VS/RT = VR1/R1 + VR2/R2
VS = VR1 = VR2
Total resistance
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
 Parallel Circuit (Example)

Referring to the parallel circuit above, calculate

i. Total resistance
ii. Total current
iii. Current flow across each resistor
iv. Power dissipation on R1
 Parallel Circuit (Example)

Solution
Given VS = 6V , R1 = 4Ω , R2 = 30Ω , R3 = 20Ω

i. Total resistance b. Current across R2

1 1 1 1 VR2 6
   IR2    0.2A
RJ R1 R2 R3 R2 30
1 1 1 20 1
    
4 30 20 60 3 c. Current across R3
RJ  3Ω
VR3 6
IR3    0.3A
R3 30
ii. Total current
VS 6 iv. Power dissipatio n on R1
IT    3A
RJ 2 PR1  IR1 x VR1  1.5x 6  9W

iii. a. Current across R1

VR1 6
IR1    1.5A
R1 4
 Parallel Circuits (Current Divider)

IT IR1 IR2

R1 R2
VS
 R1x R2 
 R1  R2 
 IT x  
VS IT x RT
IR1  
R1 R1 R1

 R2 
IR1  IT x 
 R1  R2 
Thus, current flows through R2,

 R1 
IR2  IT x 
 R1  R2 
Parallel Circuit (Current divider)

IT 0.3A IR1 IR2

R1 R2
VS 30Ω 20Ω

Referring to the figure above, calculate

the current flow of each resistor R1 and R2
Parallel Circuit (Current divider)

Solution
 R2 
IR1    x IJ
The current flow  R1  R2 
through each  20 
  x 0.3  0.12A
resistor R1 and R2  20  30 

 R1 
IR2    x IJ
 R1  R2 
 30 
  x 0.3  0.18A
 20  30 
 Series-Parallel Circuit

Total Resistance
R1 I2 I3
R R  R x R 2 3

R R
T 1
2 3

R2 R3
VS

Total Current
V
I 
S
T

Series-Parallel Circuit R T
 Series-Parallel Circuit

IT R1 I2 I3

R2 R3
VS

Resistor power dissipation

B
PR1 =(IT)2 x R1
PR2 =(I2)2 x R2
Series-Parallel Circuit PR3 =(I3)2 x R3

Total power dissipation

PT = (IT)2 x RT
 Two loop circuit

6Ω A 12Ω

R1 I1 I2 R2
I3

V1 V2
R3 4Ω
Loop 1 Loop 2
36 V
72 V

Referring to the circuit above, calculate

a. Current I1 , I2 , I3
b. Total power dissipation in the circuit.
 Two loop circuit

6Ω 12Ω
A
R1 I1 I2 R2
Solution I3

V1 V2
Kirchhoff current law R3 4Ω
36 V Loop1 Loop 2
Current entering node A = 72 V
Current leaving node A
I1 + I2 = I3 (1)
6Ω 12Ω
Kirchhoff voltage law A
R1 I1 I2 R2
Loop 1 I3

VR1 + VR3 - V1 = 0
V1 V2
VR1 + VR3 = V1 (2) R3 4Ω
Loop 1 Loop 2
Loop 2 36 V
72 V
VR2 + VR3 – V2 = 0
VR2 + VR3 = V2 (3)
Two loop and two-supply circuits
Substitute V = I x R into equation (2) and (3)
(I1 x R1) + (I3 x R3) = V1 (4)
(I2 x R2) + (I3 x R3) = V2 (5)

Substitute I3 = I1 + I2 into equation (4) and (5)

(I1 x R1) + ( I1 + I2 ) x R3 = V1 (6)
(I2 x R2) + ( I1 + I2 ) x R3 = V2 (7)
I1 x ( R1+ R3 ) + ( I2 x R3 )= V1 (8)
I2 x ( R2+ R3 ) + ( I1 x R3 )= V2 (9)

Substitute R1 = 6 , R2 = 12 and R3 = 4 into

equation (8) and (9)
10I1 + 4I2 = 36 (10)
4I1 + 16I2 = 72 (11)
Two loop and two-supply circuit
Solve equation ( 10) and (11) for the value of
I1 , I2 and I3 using Simultaneous Equation
40I1 + 16I2 = 144 (12)
4I1 + 16I2 = 72
36I1 = 72
I1 = 72/36 = 2A

Substitute I1 = 2 into equation (11)

4I1 + 16I2 = 72
4(2) + 16I2 = 72
16I2 = 72 - 8
I2 = 64/16 = 4 A

I3 = I1 + I2
=2+4=6A
Two loop and two-supply circuit

Resistor power dissipation

PR1 = I12R1 = 22 x 6 = 24 W
PR2 = I22R2 = 42 x 12 = 192 W
PR3 = I32R3 = 62 x 4 = 144 W

Total power dissipation

PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3

= 24W + 192 W + 144W
= 360 W
 Parallel circuit

Referring to the parallel circuit above, calculate:

i. Total resistance RT
ii. Total current IT
iii. Current flow each resistor
iv. Total power dissipation PT
 Parallel circuit

Solution

Total resistance R T

1  1 1 1
Total current
R R R R
T 1 2 3

 1  1  1 I V
T
S

10 12 40 RT

 5  20
24 24
5
R  24
T  4.167 A
5
 Parallel circuit

Solution

iii. Current through each resistor

a. I1 = VR1/ I1 = 20/10 = 2 A

b. I2 = VR2/ I2 = 20/12 = 1.67 A

c. I3 = VR3/I3 = 20/40 = 0.5 A

iv. Total power dissipation PT

PT = (IT)2 x RT = (4.167)2 x 24/5

= 83.35 W
 Series - Parallel circuit

Referring to series-parallel circuit above, calculate:

i. Total resistance RT
ii. Total current IT
iii. Current flow through R2 and R3
iv. Total power dissipation PT
 Series - Parallel circuit

Solution

Total Resistance Total Current

R R R x R 2 3
I 
V S

R R
T 1 T
2 3
R T

60 x 40 50
 60  
60  40 84

 84 Ω  0.595 A
 Series - Parallel circuit

iii. Voltage drop across R2 iv. Total power dissipation

VR2 = VS – VR1
= VS – (IT x R1) PT = (IT)2 x RT
= 50 – ( 0.595 x 60)
= 14.3 V = ( 0.595)2 x 84

VR2 = VR3 = 29.74 W

I2 = VR2/R2
= 14.3/60 = 0.24 A

I3 = VR3/R3
= 14.3/40 = 0.36 A