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DEFINITION
HOW WROUGHT METAL ALLOYS ARE MADE?
USES
PROPERTIES
DEFORMATION OF METALS
CARBON STEEL
GOLD ALLOYS
STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM ALLOYS
CHROMIUM – COBALT ALLOYS
AJ WILCOCK WIRES
CONCLUSION
• Wrought: Beaten to shape.
• Alloys: A metal made by combining two or
more metallic elements to give greater
strength or resistance to corrosion
• What are wrought metal
alloys?
Mechanical
work
Wrought
alloy
Heat
treatment
How wrought metal alloys are made?
Cast alloys
Series of dies
Round wires
Where all they are used?
ORTHODONTIC WIRES
PRE-FABRICATED CROWNS
ORTHODONTIC
BRACKETS
PARTIAL DENTURE CLASP
ENDODONTIC FILES
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
PROPERTIES
• Strength
• Stiffness
• Springback
• Resilience
• Formability
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Joinability
• Biocompatibility
ELASTIC LIMIT
ELASTIC POINT
STRAIN
YIELD STRENGTH
THE
DEFORMATION
MOST USED IS
STRESS
0.2%
YIELD POINT
STRAIN
ULTIMATE TENSILE
SRENGTH
STRESS
STRAIN
SPRING BACK
POINT OF ARBITARY
CLINICAL LOADING
STRESS
STRAIN
RESILENCE
STRESS
STRAIN
FORMABILITY
YIELD
POINT
FRACTURE POINT
STRESS
STRAIN
MALLEABILITY
• Resistant to corrosion.
JOINABILITY
LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS
DISLOCATIONS
STRAIN HARDENING
FRACTURE
LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS
CRYSTALIZATION
OF METALS
RANDOM
GROWTH
LATTICE POINTS
ARE VACCANT OR
OVER CROWDED
Lattice imperfections are classified as:
POINT DEFECTS
LINE DEFECTS
POINT DEFECTS
Slip plane –
plane along which a dislocation moves
STRAIN HARDENING/ WORK HARDENING
• Ultimate tensile
strength
ANNEALING
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain growth
RECOVERY
• No change in ductility.
• No changes in microscopic
structure.
• Recrystallization
oFerrite
oAustenite
oMartensite
Ferrite
• Composition:
– Platinum: 40%-50%
– Gold: 25%-30%
– Palladium: 25%-30%
• They possess,
1) High fusion temperature & high recrystallization
temperature.
2) Meet composition requirements for ADA type I
gold wire.
PALLADIUM-SILVER-COPPER WIRES (P-S-C)
Composition:
Palladium: 42%-44%
Silver: 38%-41%
Copper: 16%-17%
Platinum: 0%-1%
IRIDIUM:
• Grain refiners
• Improves mechanical
properties and
uniformity of properties
within alloy
• Extremely high melting
point of Ir - 2410°C and
Ru - 2310°C – serve as
nucleating centers
NICKEL :
• strengthenerofalloybut
itreduces ductility.
• largequantityofNitends
to reduce tarnish
resistance& changealloy
response to age
hardening.
ZINC :
• added as a scavenger agent
to obtain oxide-free ingots
TREATMENT OF GOLD ALLOYS
INGOT
MELTING ROLLING DRAWING
FORMATION
MELTING
The selection and melting of the components of alloys
influence the physical properties of wire .
Composition (as per AISI)
TYPE Cr Ni C Mn Si P S
• . Now the
wire is actually an "distorted ingot".
• The squeezing and rolling of ingot alters the shape and
arrangement of the crystals
• Sensitization
18-8 STAINLESS
STEEL LOSES ITS
RESISTANCE TO
CORROSION.
A method employed
where introduction of
some element that
precipitates as carbide
in preference to
chromium
S
T
A Ferritic
I
N
L
E Martensitic
S
S
S
T
E
Austensitic
E
L
Ferritic stainless steel
• FCC structure.
• AISI 302 series
• Most corrosion resistant metal.
• Used for orthodontic wires,endodontic instruments,
crowns in pediatric dentistry.
Austenite
18-8 stainless steel used in orthodontic
stainless steel wires and brackets
Variations in surface characteristics and corrosion behaviour of metal brackets and wires
in different electrolyte solution.sChia-Tze Kao, Tsui-Hsien Huang,Europen jounal of
orthodontics volume 33 issue 5,page 555-560
Comparing Austenitic over Ferritic stainless
steel
Austenitic stainless steel has:
-Less critical
• -Greater ductility & ability to undergo grain growth
β- titanium Timolium
Beta III
α- titanium
NICKEL TITANIUM ALLOYS
History
• The term nitinol is derived from its composition and
its place of discovery (Nickel Titanium-Naval
Ordnance Laboratory).
• William J. Buehler along with Frederick Wang,
discovered its properties during research at the Naval
Ordnance Laboratory in 1959.
Composition:
Nickel – 54%
Titanium – 44%
Cobalt- 2% or less
Chinese Japanese Cu
NiTi(1985) NiTi(1986) NiTi(1994)
• A-NiTi is difficult to bend as they do not
undergo plastic deformation easily
• STIFFNESS
• FORCE PER DEACTIVATION
• FORMABILITY
The cooling/heating cycle shows thermal hyteresis
The relative concentration of two phases in the alloy
will determine the relative stiffness of the wire and the
amount of force delivered.
• In metals that crystalize in HCP , deformation occurs
by Twinning.
This twinning is responsible for Shape memory and
super elastic properties of metals.
Shape memory effect
Achieved by 1st establishing a
shape at temp erature near 482°C
DENTISTRY:
ORTHODONTIC WIRES
ENDODONTIC FILES
• MEDICAL APPLICATION:
• Bioforce sentalloy
• Nitrogen coated archwires
• Nitinol total control
Miura F, Mogi M, Ohura Y, Hamanaka H.: The super- property of the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for
use in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1986; 90: 1-10.
Nitinol Total Control
• Developed by TODD A.THAYER.
• Superelastic nickel titanium alloy to deliver light,
continuous forces over a desired treatment range
with bend ability required to account for variations in
tooth morphology,archform and bracket
prescriptions.
COPPER NiTi
Introduced in 1994 by Dr. Rohit
Sachdeva.
Quartenary alloy
• Nickel
• Titanium
• Copper
• Chromium
Has both superelastic and shape
memory properties.
• Advantages of Cu-NiTi over traditional NiTi
alloys:
More
More consistent
resistant to forces which
permanent are active
deformation longer within
and better the optimal
springback tooth
Smaller moving
loading range
force for
same
degree of
deformation
• Presence of copper helps to:
• Stress required to
deform martensitic Thermal
phase reactive
properties of
• Hysteresis NiTi
MARTENSITIC
TRANSFORMATION
• To exploit superelasticity to its fullest potential the
working temperature of the orthodontic appliance >
austensitic finish temperature.
• Difference between austensitic and mouth
temperature determines the force generated.
• Austensitic temperature
• TYPE III:
• CORROSION RESISTANCE.
• ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY.
HEAT TREATMENT
ONLY ORTHODONTIC WIRE POSSESSING
TRUE WELDABILITY
Welding properties of beta-titanium alloys
FINISHING ARCHES
K-SIR ARCH
PENDULUM APPLIANCE
TITANIUM-NIOBIUM
• Flexibility
• Continuous force NICKEL TITANIUM
• Springback
• High stiffness
• Bendability STAINLESS STEEL
• Easier to bend and shape
• Can be welded.
• Loops and bends can be made without breakage.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Introduced by Dr.RAVINDRA
NANDA
Bendable
High force
Low deflection rate
Co-efficient of friction is more
• Nickel free titanium wire with memory
• Ideal for multilooping, cantilever, utility arches
• First choice of wire for finishing stages where tip &
torque corrections fully accomplished during initial
stages
ΑLPHA- TITANIUM
• Cobalt – 40%
• Chromium – 20%
• Nickel – 15%
• Molybdenum – 7%
• Manganese – 2%
• Carbon – 0.016%
• Beryllium – 0.04%
• Iron – 15.8%
• Also known as ELGILOY.
• It is manufactured in four tempers:
RESILIENT
• Heat treatment of elgiloy
Stress-relief treatment:
1)Removes residual stresses during recovery
without pronounced alteration in mechanical
properties.
2)Improves working elastic properties.
3)Reduce failure caused by corrosion.
A J WILCOCK WIRES
Wilcock archwire have been the main stay of
Begg's tech.
TENSILE STRENGTH
STIFFNESS
RESILIENCE
REGULAR PLUS
SPECIAL
SPECIAL PLUS
PREMIUM
PREMIUM
PLUS
SUPREME
Regular grade
LOWEST GRADE
DIAMETER-0.012-0.024
USED WHEN
ARCHFORM
EASY TO BEND DISTORTION
IS NOT A
PROBLEM OR
BITE
OPENING IS
NOT
USED FOR REQUIRED
AUXILIARIES
Regular plus
Relatively easy to
form.
DIAMETER- 0.012-0.020
More resilient
than regular.
Used for making
auxiliaries.
Used for making
an archform when
more pressure and
resistance to
deformation are
desired.
Special grade
DIAMETER-0.012-0.020
HIGHLY
RESILIENT
LESS
BREAKAGE
USED
MOSTLY AS
ARCHWIRES
Special plus
DIAMETER-0.012-0.024
HARDNESS AND RESILIENCY IS
EXCELLENT FOR MAINTAINING
ANCHORAGE AND REDUCING
OVERBITE
DIAMETER-0.012-0.020
High
resilience
DIAMETER- 0.011-0.018
DIAMETER-0.008-0.011
SPINNER STRAIGHTENING
PULSE STRAIGHTENING
SPINNER STRAIGHTENING
DISADVANTAGES
• Deformation
• Decreased yield stress value makes it strain
softened
PULSE STRAIGHTENING
• The wire is pulsed in special machines the
permit high tensile wires to be straightened. •
The advantages
• —It permits highest tensile wire to be
straightened.
• —Tensile yield stress is not altered.
• —Smoother surface of wire hence less
friction.
• Greater flexibility of spring fabricated.
• Greater resiliency
• Permits the usage of small diameter wire resulting in
a continuous force with minimal relaxation.
• BAUSCHINGER EFFECT
• Miura F, Mogi M, Ohura Y, Hamanaka H.: The super- property of the Japanese NiTi
alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1986; 90: 1-10.
• An Evaluation of Beta Titanium Alloys for Use in Orthodontic Appliances
JON GOLDBERG* and CHARLES J. BURSTONE+
Department of Restorative Dentistry,* Department of Orthodontics+, The University
of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, and Institute of
Materials Science,*+ Storrs, Connecticut 06268
• Structure, Composition, and Mechanical Properties of Australian Orthodontic Wires
Brian M. Pelsuea; Spiros Zinelisb; T. Gerard Bradleyc; David W. Berzinsd; Theodore Eliadese;
George Eliadesf