Colonialism in Turks

Presented by:
Asma Qazi
Marria Ikram
Rimsha Mehmood
Ammar Shabbir
Farooq Bin Tariq
Muhammad Ahmed Subhani
 1302- Battle of Bapheus

1324- Orhan Gazi’s accession to

c.1298- Rise of the Turks throne

Created by the Muslim nomads of

Anatolia
In the early 1300, Usman I the
leader of the Muslim tribe,
prepared a strong group of
warriors, strengthening his
territory and conquering the
neighboring tribes. When Mongols
started fearing the growing
strength of these troops.
Due the inspiring personality and
generosity of Usman with his
warriors, more people started to
join him and were very loyal to
him.
Usman married a Sufi sheikhs
 1324-Invasion in Bursa

1329- Battle of Pelekanon. The Ottomans

completed their conquest of Bithynia and the
1324- Orhan Gazi’s accession to
north-western corner of Anatolia.
throne

Usman died in 1324, and

with Urhan as next leader,
invaded Bursa and made it
his capital state.
When Bursa became the
capital, these nomad people
cultivated and grew crops,
built schools and started an
urban life. During this period
Urhan expanded this state to
a small northwestern
Anatolian.
When Bursa became the
capital, these nomad people
cultivated and grew crops,
built schools and started an
urban life. During this period
Urhan expanded this state to
a small northwestern
Anatolian.
 1328-31- Siege of Nicaea. The 1362-Orhan Gazi's to death. Murad
Ottomans conquered Nicaea. I accession to the throne.

In the meantime in west, the

byzantine emperor was facing
rebellions and civil wars in
Constantinople.
The byzantine emperor asked Urhan
for help, Urhan helped him take the
throne of Byzantium and as a reward
secured the right to ravage Thrace
and to marry the emperor’s daughter
Theodora. Ottoman raiding parties
began to move regularly through
Gallipoli into Thrace. Huge quantities
of captured booty strengthened
Ottoman power and attracted
thousands from the uprooted Turkmen
masses of Anatolia into Ottoman
service.
 1369- Edirne was conquered. From 1413
to 1458 the city was the capital.

1389- Battle of Kosovo. Most Serbia is

conquered. Murad I lost his life.
1362- Orhan Gazi's to death. Murad
I accession to the throne

After urhan died in 1362, Murad came

to throne.
The ottomans expanded its armies by
taking boys at a very young age and
train them to be soldiers.
The byzantine emperor soon fell from
power, at least partially because of
his cooperation with the Turks, and
Europe began to be aware of the
extent of the Turkish danger.
By 1451, the empire expanded in
Europe and Asia
 
Murad’s initial conquests extended
northward into Thrace, culminating
with the capture in 1361 of
Adrianople, the second city of the
 1413- Battle of Camurlu

1444- Battle of Varna. Morea and Bulgaria

conquered
1402- Battle of Ankara

Mehmet II wanted to conquer

Constantinople and ordered to
build a fortress to stop any
supplies to reach Constantinople
from black sea.
Reasons to conquer
Constantinople
Main Christian city, conquering
Constantinople meant major
victory of Islam.
Shortest route between the two
halves of the empire.
Constantinople controlled the
trade between black sea and
Mediterian Sea.
 1453- Constantinople captured

1462- Mehmed II begins to build

1448- Battle of Kosovo II his Topkapi Palace

Brought an army to fight against

Constantinople
The people refused to surrender.
Constantinople surrounded by 40’
high walls attacked from land and
from sea. Used great canons to
break walls and conquered
Constantinople in 1453.
Rebuild the city, Istanbul was
capital
 1485-91- Ottoman–Mamluk 1517- Battle of Ridaniya. Egypt
War comes under Ottoman rule

1512- Selim I, the Inflexible 1520- Selim I dies

1481- Mehmed II dies. Bayezid assessing to throne
II ascended to the throne.

Saleem came in 1512

By 1517 Saleem’s army had
captured Iran, Syria, Lebanon and
Egypt.
First ruler who fought against
Muslims, which was prohibited in
Islam
Also captured the holy cities
Makkah and Madinah. This earned
him the title of caliph
In 1520 Saleem died
OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN
GENERAL:

In 1453, the ottomans surrounded the

capital of Constantinople.
During a two month siege, ottoman
cannons pounded Constantinople's city
walls allowing attackers to break
through and capture the city.
The ottomans changed the name of the
city to Istanbul and made the ancient
Christian city the capital of their Muslim
empire.
With well armed forces and effective
military strategies, the ottoman empire
grew quickly.
After 1453, the ottomans expanded into
the middle east , Egypt, the Balkans and
Russia.
By the 1500’s the ottomans had created
• The Ottoman Empire developed over
the centuries a complex organization
of government with the Sultan as
the supreme ruler of a centralized
government that had an effective
control of its provinces, officials and
inhabitants.
• Wealth and rank could be inherited
but were just as often earned.
• Positions were perceived as titles
such as viziers and aghas. Military
service was a key to advancement in
the hierarchy.
• The expansion of the Empire called
for a systematic administrative
organization that developed into a
dual system of military ("Central
Government") and civil
administration ("Provincial System")
developed a kind of separation of
powers with most
higher executive functions carried
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT:

The central government was

composed of the Sultan and his
own staff (bookkeepers, etc.) in
what was known as "House of
Osman".
The House of Osman was advised
by the Divan, composed of the
Grand Vizier and the ruling class
(nobles).
The ruling class was called
the askeri, including the
noblemen, court officials, military
officers and the religious class
called the ulema.
 Architecture Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Ottomans built on both the Islamic and Byzantine Christian

traditions to produce their own grand and harmonious
style.
Dolma Bache Palace, Istanbul, Turkey
 Major Expansions
between 1520-1585

The War Against the Great Safavid

Persia. – 1514

Admiral Hayed din Barbarossa

Capturing Algeria – 1516

The Campaign on Persia Continued

1534 – 35 , 1548 – 49 & 1553 – 55.

City of Tunisia , Tunis came Under

Ottoman Empire – 1534

Turgut Rais Capturing Libya – 1551

 Major Expansions
between 1520-1585

• Dominating The Great Red Sea –

1548 and Arabian Peninsula In
1552

• Salih Rais marching over

Sahara – 1552

• Egypt Under The Rule of

Mamulak Sultanate

• Capture Of Morocco – 1585

Decline of Ottoman
Empire
Since the start of 17th
Century, the Ottoman
Empire started declining.
In 1683, Turks were defeated
at the battle of Vienna. In
the next 100 years, Ottoman
Empire lost a lot of key
regions.
In 1878, Congress of Berlin
declared independence for
Romania,
The Ottoman territories were
divided between Britain,
France Greece and Russia
under treaty agreement.
(1912-1913)
Turks entered the war in
1914 and were defeated in
1918.
Decline of Ottoman
Empire
• Poor leadership and
corruption.
• Rising power of
European nations.
• Cut off from Global
Trade Routes
• Advance European
Technology.
• Industrialization by
Europeans was initiated
while Ottomans remain
an agricultural society.
• Rise of nationalism
• Russian extension
• Non effective defense
• Turkey – The last
country to declare
independence in 1923.

*Some scholars belief that

The Ottoman Empire
Legacy
• Powerful military –
Undefeatable due to strong
leadership before 17th
Century
• Artistic ventures –
Recognized as artistic hub.
Most popular forms of art
included calligraphy,
painting, poetry, textiles
and carpet weaving,
ceramics and music.
• Religious tolerance –
Limited amount of power
was granted to the
minorities to control their
own affairs while still under
Ottoman rule. Some millets
paid taxes and some were
exempted.
• Architectural marvels Flag of Ottoman Empire
e.g.
- Selimiye Mosque
- Topkapı Palace
Thank you