Sunteți pe pagina 1din 40

MAGNETISM AND

ELECTROMAGNETISM

GROUP 1
MAGNETISM
• Magnetism is a force
generated in matter by the
motion of electrons within its
atoms. Magnetism and
electricity represent different
aspects of the force of
electromagnetism, which is
one part of Nature's
fundamental electroweak
force.
• The ability to attract iron and
steel.
• The Ancient Greeks
discovered that a certain
rock called “Iodstone”
attracted pieces of iron.
Magnets are named after the
town Magnesia ( a district in
Thessaly) in Lydia, Asia
Minor.
• Natural permaments were called Lodestone after
Iodestar (or guiding star). Lodestone was first
permament magnetic material to be identified and
studied. The regions near the ends of a magnet are
called its poles

• The history of magnetism dates back to earlier than


600 b.c., but it is only in the twentieth century that
scientists have begun to understand it, and develop
technologies based on this understanding.
• Magnetism was most
probably first observed in a
form of the mineral
magnetite called lodestone,
which consists of iron oxide-
a chemical compound of iron
and oxygen. The ancient
Greeks were the first known
to have used this mineral,
which they called a magnet
because of its ability to
attract other pieces of the
same material and iron.
• The Englishman William
Gilbert (1540-1603) was the
first to investigate the
phenomenon of magnetism
systematically using scientific
methods. He also discovered
that the Earth is itself a weak
magnet.
 Magnet
 Magnetic Materials
 Magnetic Circuits
Magnetism

• Magnetism plays an important role in


Electrical and Electronic Engineering
because without it components such as
relays, solenoids, inductors, chokes, coils,
loudspeakers, motors, generators,
transformers, and electricity meters etc,
would not work if magnetism did not exist.
• A property of materials that respond to an
applied magnetic field that causes the
material to be repelled or atrract
Magnet

• A magnet ( from “Magnesian Stone” ) is a


material or object that produces a
magnetic field
• Natural magnet - earth
• Artificial magnets - man made magnets
• An everyday example is a refrigerator
magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door
• This magnetic field is invisible but is
responsible for the most notable property
Magnet

• Magnets can be found in a natural state in


the form of a magnetic ore, with the two
main types being Magnetite also called
“iron oxide”, ( FE3O4 ) and Lodestone,
also called “leading stone”.
Magnetic Materials

•Ferromagnetic
•Paramagnetic
•Diamagnetic
Magnetic Circuits

• Magnetic attract magnetic materials but


not non magnetic materials. Magnetism is
a non- contact force
• A close path in which magnetic induction
or flux flows
• A system of magnetic conductors which
magnetism maybe established upon the
application of magnetomotive force (mmf)
LAW OF MAGNETIC POLES

•Like poles of magnets, repel


•Unlike poles of magnets, attract

10/25/2019
MAGNETIC FIELDS
• The idea of magnetic field lines and
magnetic field was first examined by
Michael Faraday and later by James
Clerk Maxwell
• A magnetic field is a picture that we use
as a tool to describe how the magnetic
force is distributed in the space around
and within something magnetic
• William Gilbert - discovered that the
earth is a huge magnet
10/25/2019
MAGNETIC FLUX

• Entire group of magnetic field lines


• Amount of magnetism
• Flow of magnetic energy
WEBER (Wb)

• SI unit of magnetic flux


• Equal to 10^8 lines of Maxwell
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B)

• The magnetic flux per unit area of a


section perpendicular to the direction of
flux
Conversions

1kgf = 9.81N
1lbf = 4.4484N
1N = 10^5 Dynes
1Tesla = 10^4 Gauss
1Wb = 10^8 Mx
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ACCORDING
TO THE MAGNETIC PROPERTY
(FERROMAGNETIC, PARAMAGNETIC, DIAMAGNETIC)
FERROMAGNETIC
• Materials that can be magnetized, which are also ones that
are strongly attracted to magnet.

• These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth


metals, and some naturally occuring minerals.

• They exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields and are


able to retain their magnetic properties after the external
field has been removed.
• Ferromagnetic materials have some unpaired electrons so
their atoms have a net magnetic moment. They get their
strong magnetic properties due to the presence of magnetic
domains.
PARAMAGNETIC
• Substances, such as uranium, platinum, aluminum, sodium,
manganese, chromium and oxygen, are weakly attracted to
either pole of a magnet.

• This attraction is hundreds of thusands of times weaker than


that of ferromagnetic materials, so it can only be detected by
using sensitive instruments or using extremely strong
magnets.

• Paramagnetic properties are due to the presence of some


unpaired electrons, and from the realignment of the electron
paths caused by the external magnetic field.
•These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and
the material does not retain the magnetic properties when the
external field is removed.
DIAMAGNETIC

• Means repelled by both poles.

• Compared to paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substancs,


diamagnetic substances, such as bismuth, mercury, silver, zinc,
carbon, copper, water and plastic, are even more weakly
repelled by a magnet.

• In diamagnetic materials all the electron are paired so there is


no permanent net magnetic moment per atom. Diamagnetic
properties arise from the realignment of the electron paths
under the influence of an external magnetic field.
• Diamagnetic materials are slightly repelled by a magnetic field
and the material does not retain the magnetic properties
when the external field is removed.
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (mmf)

• A force that sets up or tends to set up magnetic flux in a


magnetic circuit.
• By an electric current through a number of turns of a wire
produces it.

• mmf = NI (if the unit is in AT)


= 0.4π NI (if the unit is in Gilberts)
ELECTROMAGNETISM

Relationship between magnetism and


electricity
MICHAEL FARADAY

Credited with the discovery of


induction in 1831

Describe
Faradays Law Of
Induction

James Clerk Maxwell


Faraday’s Law of Induction

an emf can be induced in a coil if the


magnetic flux through the coil is
changed. It is also makes a difference
how fast the change is; a quick change
induces more emf than a gradual
change.
Faraday’s First Law

Whenever a conduction is placed in a


varying magnetic field an emf gets
induce across the conductor and if the
conductor is a closed circuit then the
induced current flows throughout.
Faraday’s Second Law

the magnitude of induced emf is equal


to the rate of change of flux linkages
with the coil.
LENZ’S LAW

• Named after the German scientist


H.F.E. Lenz in 1834

• When an emf is induced according to


Faraday’s law, the polarity (direction) of
that induced emf is such that it opposes
the cause of its production.
INDUCED EMF

• An Electromotive Force or EMF is said


to be induced when the flux linking
with a conductor or coil changes.
INDUCED CURRENT

• The voltage by the relative motion of a


wire through a magnetic field will cause
a current in a load connected to the
wire.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE
PERMEABILITY OF A MEDIUM

• Permeability- the ability of a material to


conduct magnetic flux through it.
• The ability of a material to concentrate
magnetic flux and its symbol is the
Greek lower case letter μ. Any material
that is easily magnetized tends to
concentrate magnetic flux.
• Relative Permeability - ration of the permeability of material to
the permeability of air or vacuum. The phenomena of
magnetism and electromagnetism are dependent upon a
certain property of the medium called its permeability. Every
medium is supposed to possess two permeabilities:

Absolute Permeability
The permeability of free space, μo, is
μo=4π∗ 10−7 H/m

and is constant. The absolute permeability of another material can


be expressed relative to the permeability of free space. Then,

μ=μoμr
Relative Permeability
The relative permeability of a magnetic material, designated μr , is the
ratio of its absolute permeability μ to that of air μo .

The μr of a nonmagnetic material such as air, copper, wood glass and


plastic is, for all practical purposes, equal to unity. On the other hand, the
μr of magnetic materials such as cobalt, nickel, iron, steel and their alloys
are far greater than unity and are not constant.
MAGNETISING FIELD
STREGTH/ FORCE / MAGNETIC
INTENSITY (H)
Magnetic Field Strenght/ Force/
Magnetic intensity
• It should be noted that the field strenght is
a vector quantity having both magnitude
and direction
• mmf (magnetomotive force) per unit lenght
of the path of the magnetic flux. it is also
called as the magnetizing force or the
magnetic gradient
• OERSTED- cgs unit of magnetic field
streght equal to gilbert per centimeter
• AT/m- SI unit for H
• 1 oersted = 79.577 AT/m
• The degree to which a magnetic field
can magnetize a material
• The field intensity is also specified by
the number of lines of force intersecting
unit area normal to the field, equal
numerically to the field strength in
oersted.
• Magnetizing force is measured by the
space rate of variation of magnetic
potential (gilbert per centimeter)

S-ar putea să vă placă și