PULVERIZED GLASS

BOTTLES AS SUBSTITUTE
TO
SAND IN CONCRETE
HOLLOW BLOCK
PRODUCTION
Background of the Study

Philippines is facing with landfill problems due to the

rapid urbanization and increasing population densities in the
cities. Recently, about 35,000 tons of municipal solid wastes
are made by the Philippines and above 8,600 tons solid waste
from Metro Manila (Remo, 2016). Household in Metro
Manila generates an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste disposal
composed of glass bottles, papers, and others which
contributes to the problem about the landfills in the country
(Bernardo, 2008).
 Glass bottles are created from sand and waste
glass, sodium carbonate (Na₂O), and lime(CaO) and
heated in the furnace at 1700°C (3090°F). The end
product is soda-lime-silica glass or the ordinary glass
bottles (Woodford, 2007). Most type of glasses are
brittle and either transparent or transluscent. Glass
bottles consist of sodium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium
oxide, soda ash, and other additives.
 Quarrying is the method of extracting or removing of
the rock aggregates namely; sand, gravel and other
minerals in order to create materials for construction
(Quarrying Explained, 2018). There are two types of
quarrying operations namely; mountain and river
quarrying. The negative impact of both quarrying can
cause soil erosion, soil and noise pollution, mud flood,
flashfloods and flooding of the downstream bodies, which
can lead to the destruction of the environment.
Objectives of the Study
The study will determine the effectiveness of the pulverized glass
bottles as an additive to the production of the concrete hollow
blocks (CHB) between the locally and commercially sold concrete
hollow blocks. This study more specifically determine the
following:
1. The total yield extract of pulverized glass bottles from waste
glass bottles.
2. The compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks made with the
pulverized glass bottles and aggregates in the following proportions:
a. 1st set-up will have 1:6:3:0 proportions (cement: pea gravel:
sand: pulverized glass bottles)
b. 2nd set-up will have 1:6:2:1 proportions (cement: pea
gravel: sand: pulverized glass bottles)
c. 3rd set-up will have 1:6:1:2 proportions (cement: pea gravel:
sand: pulverized glass bottles)
d. 4th set-up will have 1:6:0:3 proportions (cement: pea gravel:
sand: pulverized glass bottles)
3. Determine the relationship of the length of the
curing of the concrete hollow blocks towards its
compressive strength.
4. The differences between the concrete hollow
blocks using pulverized glass bottles as an additive
and the commercial concrete hollow blocks towards
its compressive strength.
Significance of the Study

The effectiveness of the pulverized glass bottles as a substitute

to sand in the production of concrete hollow blocks. In this regard,
the study prove beneficial to the following:

DPWH. The Department of Public Works and Highways will receive

a full copy of the research paper to provide the information
gathered based on the research.
Manufacturing Companies. ( Bricks and Ceramics
manufacturing Companies) It can be helpful to preserve
raw materials and amount of waste ( glass bottles ) sent
to the landfills.
Environment. This study primarily use the waste glass
bottles. The amount of non-biodegrable wastes will
drastically lessen since the pulverized glass bottles is
effective as substitute to sand in concrete hollow block
production.
People. The researchers were able to disseminate
information they had gathered about the
acceptability and effectiveness of the pulverized
glass bottles in concrete hollow block production.
This can also reduce the expenses of consumers
when buying commercially sold concrete hollow
blocks.
Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will utilize the pulverized glass bottles in

the production of the concrete hollow blocks. To
determine the compressive strength of the concrete
hollow blocks, the researchers have three experimental
set-up and one control set-up. They will be tested by the
compressive strength testing machine at the office of the
Department of Public Works and Highways in Borongan
City.
Table 1. Chemical Compositions of Various Glass based on its color

Composition Clear Glass Brown Glass Green Glass

Silica 72.42 72.21 72.38

Sodium oxide 13.64 13.75 13.52

Calcium oxide 11.5 11.57 11.26

Aluminum oxide 1.44 1.37 1.49

METHODOLOGY
Gathering and Preparation of Materials

The waste glass bottles that will be used in

the study will be collected by the researchers
themselves. The waste glass bottles that will be
collected will be mixed glass bottles, which
wary from sizes, types and colors of the waste
glass bottles.
 A filter will be made out of aluminum screen (1.5875
mm x 1.5875 mm) to separate the finer particles of glass
bottles from the bigger chunks of crushed glass bottles.
The aggregates that will be used in the study will be
bought from JR Cart Shop at Bato, Borongan. There will
be 4 sacks of sand, 6 sacks of pea gravel and 2 sacks of
Portland cement in the production of concrete hollow
blocks.
Preparation of Powdered Glass

The collected waste glass bottles will be washed thoroughly

with water to remove the remaining liquid and dirt. After washing,
the waste glass bottles will be transferred and turned upside down
in layers of tray to dry up. The bottles are crushed manually till
pulverized and will be sieved using the filter to separate the fine
particles. The pulverized glass bottles will then be collected and
stored in a container.
Table 2. Types of Bottles Used

TYPE COLORS

EMPERADOR TRANSPARENT

SAN MIGUEL BEER TRANSPARENT

RED HORSE RED

WINE BOTTLES GREEN

Concrete Hollow Blocks Production
Table 3. Concrete Hollow Blocks Proportions

Set-Up Aggregates Set-Up 1 Treatments

(%) (Controlled)

Set-up 2 Set-up 3 Set-up 4

Cement 10% 10% 10% 10%

Pea Gravel 60% 60% 60% 60%

Sand 30% 20% 10% 0%

Pulverized Glass
Bottles 0% 10% 20% 30%
 In each set-up, the proportions will be
mixed separately, and the mixing is done
manually. After mixing the aggregates, it is
then placed in the hollow block molder,
pounded to make the aggregates compressed,
then remove the molded aggregates from the
molder.
Table 4. Curing Time of Concrete Hollow Blocks

Concrete Hollow Curing Time

Blocks
14 Days

Set-up 1 2 CHB

Set-up 2 2 CHB

Set-up 3 2 CHB

Set-up 4 2 CHB
 The concrete hollow blocks will be
laid under the sun by set-up for the
curing time. Furthermore, there will
be a total of 8 concrete hollow blocks
that will be dried for 14 days.
Data Analysis

To determine the nature of compressive strength

between proportions of aggregates of each set-up,
compressive strength between 14-day curing time of each
set-up, the study will use Correlational Analysis.
To determine the nature of the relationship between
variables, compute for the value of Pearson (r) with the
equation:
Where,
x = the observed data for a set-up
y = the observed data for another set-up
n = size of the sample
r = the degree of relations between x and y
 Table 5. Range of Values
Degree of the Relationship of X and Y Description

0.90 to 1.00 ( -0.90 to -1.00) Very High Positive (Negative)

correlation
0.70 to 0.90 ( -0.70 to -0.90) High Positive (Negative) correlation

0.50 to 0.70 ( -0.50 to -0.70) Moderate Positive (Negative)

correlation
0.30 to 0.50 ( -0.30 to -0.50) Low Positive (Negative) correlation

0.00 to 0.30 ( -0.00 to -0.30) Little, if any correlation