SCULPTURE

 the art of making two- or three-dimensional

representative or abstract forms, especially by
carving stone or wood or by casting metal or
plaster.
 make or represent (a form) by carving, casting,
or other shaping techniques.
S – skillful
C – creative
U – unique
L – long lasting
P – purpose
PURPOSE OF SCULPTURE
 The most important function of
Greek sculpture was to honor gods and
goddesses. Statues were placed in temples or
were carved as part of a temple.
HISTORY OF SCULPTURE
The earliest sculpture was probably made to
supply magical help to hunters.
After the dawn of civilization, statues were used
to represent gods.
Ancient kings, possibly in the hope of making
themselves immortal, had likenesses carved,
and portrait sculpture was born.
The Greeks made statues that depicted
perfectly formed men and women.
Early Christians decorated churches with
demons and devils, reminders of the
presence of evil for the many churchgoers
who could neither read nor write.
 PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE
 Sculpture may be the oldest of the arts. People
carved before they painted or designed
dwellings. The earliest drawings were probably
carved on rock or incised (scratched) in earth.
Therefore, these drawings were as much
forerunners of relief sculpture as of painting.
 SCULPTURE IN THE
ANCIENT WORLD
 The earliest civilizations of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China
gradually developed forms of writing about
3000 B.C. The people of these civilizations, like
their prehistoric ancestors, also expressed
deeply felt beliefs in sculpture.
 EGYPT
 Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art was
based on the belief in a life after death. The
body of the Egyptian ruler, or pharaoh, was
carefully preserved, and goods were buried with
him to provide for his needs forever. The
pyramids, great monumental tombs of Giza,
were built for the most powerful early rulers. The
pharaoh and his wife were buried in chambers
cut deep inside the huge blocks of stone.
 GREEK SCULPTURE
 Around 600 B.C., Greece developed one of the
great civilizations in the history of the world.
Sculpture became one of the most important
forms of expression for the Greeks.
 ROMANESQUE
 A new
SCULPTURE
and brilliant chapter in Christian art
began after the year 1000. For the next three
centuries sculptors, architects, masons,
carpenters, and hundreds of other craftsmen
created some of the most impressive
Christian churches ever built.
 GOTHIC SCULPTURE
 Sculpture after the 12th century gradually
changed from the clear, concentrated
abstractions of Romanesque art to a more
natural and lifelike appearance. Human
figures shown in natural proportions were
carved in high relief on church columns and
portals.
 RENAISSANCE
SCULPTURE
 Jutting into the Mediterranean Sea, the Italian peninsula,
at the crossroads of several worlds, had been the heart
of the Roman Empire. Rome was the center of the
western Christian world. Later, northeastern Italy--
especially Venice--became the gateway to the Near East
and the Orient. Italian artists never completely accepted
the Gothic styles that dominated art in Western Europe.
The reason is that Italian artists were surrounded by the
remains of the Classical Age and exposed to the Eastern
influence of Byzantine art.
 BAROQUE SCULPTURE
 Sculptors in the 17th century continued to deal
with the same wide variety of sculptural
problems as their Renaissance predecessors,
using the human figure as a form of expression.
They reacted, however, against the mannerism
of late 16th century sculptors. They worked
instead for a return to the greater strength of
Michelangelo and the energy and agility of 15th-
century sculpture.
 NEOCLASSIC AND
ROMANTIC SCULPTURE
 The pendulum of taste swung in a new direction in the
late 18th century while Clodion (1738-1814) and other
rococo sculptors were still active. This direction, called
neoclassic to describe the deliberate return to classical
subject matter and style, lasted in strength for nearly a
century. The change can be seen in the work of the
distinguished sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon (1741-1828).
His statue of George Washington could be compared to a
portrait of a Roman emperor.
 20TH-CENTURY
SCULPTURE
 The 20th century was an age of
experimentation with new ideas, new styles,
and new materials. Studies of the human figure
gave way to new subjects: dreams, ideas,
emotions, and studies of form and space.
Plastic, chromium, and welded steel were used,
as well as boxes, broken automobile parts, and
pieces of old furniture.
 HISTORY IN THE
PHILIPPINE
SCULPTURE
 Before the coming of the Spaniards, Philippine
sculpture had a striking similarity with the
Egyptian sculpture which is characterized
by frontal nudity. Their difference lies in the
symbolism behind the figure.
 BULOL
 In the Philippines, particularly
among the Ifugaos, the “bulol”
(fertility) is considered as an Ifugao
granary God. It is a wooden
sculpture in human form to assure
bountiful harvests for the natives.
 The bulol, or sometimes bul-ol, to
us not from the Cordilleras has
accepted the common notion that
this carving symbolizes a rice god
who guards the Cordilleran’s rice
granary.
 LOCAL HISTORY
 Indeed, the original function of sculpture was
religious especially in relation to ceremonies
and beliefs.
 The carvings brought to the Philippines by
early Arab and Russian missionaries were of
beveled type as the slanting type called Okkil.
Although the word literally means “to carve” it
is not confined to carving alone but also refers
to design.
 MODERN PERIOD
A familiar example of sculpture with
the integration of architecture is the
Art Deco Style of the Metropolitan
Theater at Liwasang Bonifacio
completed by Juan Arellano in 1931.
Woodcarving comes in ornamental
form in the houses of the Maranao
like that of the "torogan" which
features the "panolong", an extended
beam carved with the Sarimanok or
the Naga design.
BLADED WEAPONS OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 These multi-purpose blades come
in different materials and designs.
Blades were made of iron which
local smiths fashioned according to
their own design. Some metal
blades were ornamented with gold,
silver, ivory, and brass.
 CERAMICS
 The Philippines has an abundant supply of ceramic clay,
thus, it is not surprising that prehistoric pottery was used
by early Filipinos for religious rituals, burial jars, and other
household purposes.
 The word ceramic was derived from the Greek
word keramos meaning a potter; it was also derived from a
Sanskrit word meaning “to burn.”
 There are different products classified under ceramics.
These are pottery, glass, structural
ceramics, refractories, abrasives, cement, tiles and plastics.
 RELIEF SCULPTURE
 Sculpture which forms project out from a flat
surface. It is a combination of the two-
dimensional and the three dimensional
pictorial arts.
 THREE BASIC TYPES OF

SCULPTURE
LOW RELIEF (BASSO-RELIEVO)

 Characterized by figures
that are only slightly raised
from the surface of the
background.

 Ex. Katipunan
  HIGH RELIEF (ALTO-RELIEVO)

 The figures in the sculpture

are dramatically raised from
the background. They are
sometimes nearly sculpted
in a round.

 Ex. Mount Rushmore

 SUNKEN RELIEF (INCISED)

 Relief that is created by having

an image carved down below
the surface of a sculpture.
 OTHER TYPES OF
SCULPTURE
 FREE STANDING SCULPTURE

 Are stand-alone objects that can

be seen from all angles and can
be walked around or turned in
the hand. It is surrounded on all
sides by space.
 KINETIC SCULPTURE

 Is a art that contains moving

parts or depends in motion for
its effect. The moving parts are
generally powered by wind,
motor or the observer.
 EARTHWORKS SCULPTURE

 Sculptures are not placed in

the landscape, rather, the
landscape is the means of
their creation. Transforming
natural sights into sculptural
settings.
 FOUR BASIC TECHNIQUES
 CARVING
 Is a process of creating a sculpture by a
subtractive sculpting technique in which
the sculptor by cutting chips away from
the chosen material. Carving can be used
on a variety of materials, such as wood
and stone. Most sculptures throughout
history were made using this method.
 MODELING
 Is a process in which the
artist uses soft, pliable
material such as clay, wax or
plaster that is gradually built
up and shaped until the
desired form is attained.
 CASTING
 Is a process of filling a mold with
a liquid/melted material to a
form and allowing it to harden.
When the material hardens,
resulting form is a cast.
 ASSEMBLING
 Gathering and joining different
found objects in unique ways to
create an assembled sculpture.
FILIPINO SCULPTORS
AND THEIR WORKS
NAPOLEON “BILLY” VELOSO
ABUEVA
(January 26, 1930 – February 16,
2018)
 was known as the “Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture” and was
proclaimed as a National Artist for
Sculpture in 1976.

 He used almost all kinds of materials

for his sculptures such as hard wood,
metal, stainless steel, cement, marble,
bronze, iron, alabaster, coral, and
brass.
 The Blood Compact Monument /
Sandugo
Location: Tagbiliran City, Bohol

 It is a landmark at the site of the first international

treaty of friendship between Spaniards and
Filipino
 The medium used was bronze.
Dambana ng Kagitingan / Shrine of
Valor / Mount Samat
Location: Pilar, Bataan
 It is dedicated to
the fallen heroes of
the Second World
War.
 The medium used
here was made up
of steel and
granolithic marble.
 Guillermo Estrella
Tolentino
(July 24, 1890 – July 12, 1976)
 was a Filipino Sculptor and
professor at the University of the
Philippines. He was designated as
a National Artist of the Philippines
for Sculpture in 1973.

 He used materials for his

sculptures such as marble,
concrete, and bronze.
Oblation Statue / Pahinungod, Oblasyon
Location: University of the Philippines Diliman

 The naked figure of a young man in a symbolic

gesture of sacrificial offering of service to country and
humanity.
 The medium used on the sculpture was reinforced
concrete that was painted to look like bronze.
BONIFACIO FLORES ARÉVALO
(14 May 1850 – 13 December 1920)

 was a Filipino ilustrado, dentist,

sculptor, propagandist, and an ardent
patron of music and theater.

 His works mainly fall into one of three

categories: those with religious
subjects or motifs; tipos del pais
(country genre) on pieces depicting
local customs, scenes, and
occupations; and portraits.
 This model was chosen for its excellent representation
of the different kinds of agricultural work in the
Philippines at the end of the 19th century. It is a
sample of the museum’s collection.
AGNES ARELLANO
(born November 21, 1949)
 Filipina sculptor known for her
surrealistic sculptural groupings. Best
known for surrealist and expressionist
work in plaster, bronze and cold cast
marble. Agnes is one of the few artists
who possess an integral and coherent
world view. She looks tor myths, history
and folklore.

 Inscape - she calls her groupings of her

work as inscape term she borrow from
the poetry Gerard Maley Halopkins and
applied to her sculpture.
 Carcass Cournocopia
cold-cast marble, 1987
EDUARDO DE LOS SANTOS
CASTRILLO
(October 31, 1942
 was – May 18, 2016)
a renowned Filipino sculptor.

 Castrillo’s main medium was metal,

especially brass, bronze and steel.

 Several of Castrillo’s most important

works are monumental sculptures
commemorating Filipino historical
events or personalities.
 People Power Monument

 Location: Corner of EDSA and White Plains Avenue in Barangay Camp

Aguinaldo, Quezon City
 Date built: 1993
 Dedicated to: The brave Filipinos who marched on the streets of EDSA during
the People Power Revolution in 1986
 Pinaglabanan Shrine

 Location: N. Domingo corner Pinaglabanan Street, San Juan, Metro

Manila
 Date built: 1974
 Dedicated to: The brave Katipuneros who fought and died in that
battlefield.
ANASTACIO TANCHAUCO CAEDO
(14 August 1907 – 12 May 1990)

was a Filipino sculptor. His

style of sculpture was classical
realist in the tradition

His best known works include

the MacArthur Landing site.
 MacArthur Monument

Location: MacArthur Landing Memorial Park, Palo, Leyte

Date of inauguration: October 20 1981
Dedicated to: General Douglas MacArthur, his entourage, and all
the soldiers who fought and died in the battles of Leyte during the
World War II
INTERNATIONAL
SCULPTORS AND
THEIR WORKS
 The Statue of Liberty
(Liberty Enlightening
the World)
 is a colossal neoclassical sculpture
on Liberty Island in New York Harbor
in New York, in the United States.
The copper statue, a gift from the
people of France to the people of
the United States, was designed by
French sculptor Frédéric Auguste
Bartholdi and its metal framework
was built by Gustave Eiffel. The
statue was dedicated on October
28, 1886.
 The Merlion (Malay:
Singa-Laut)
 is the official mascot of Singapore,
depicted as a mythical creature with a
lion's head and the body of a fish. Being
of prominent symbolic nature to
Singapore and Singaporeans in general, it
is widely used to represent both the city
state and its people in sports teams,
advertising, branding, tourism and as a
national personification.
 The 8.6-metre-tall, 70-tonne Merlion
sculpture was created by local sculptor
Lim Nang Seng using concrete
wrapped around a steel frame and was
designed to spout water from its mouth.
 MICHELANGELO DI
LODOVICO
BUONARROTI SIMONI
(6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564)

 known best as simply Michelangelo,

was an Italian sculptor, painter,
architect and poet of the High
Renaissance born in the Republic of
Florence, who exerted an unparalleled
influence on the development of
Western art.

 Technique: stone carving

 Materials: marble
PIETÀ
 This famous work of art depicts
the body of Jesus on the lap of
his mother Mary after the
Crucifixion. The theme is of
Northern origin. Michelangelo's
interpretation of the Pietà is
unprecedented in Italian
sculpture. It is an important
work as it balances the
Renaissance ideals of classical
beauty with naturalism.
 CHRIST THE REDEEMER

 Location: Corcovado mountain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

 Sculptor: Paul Landowski
 Year: 1931
DONATO DI NICCOLÒ DI
BETTO BARDI
“DONATELLO”
(born c.1386, Florence [Italy]—died
December 13, 1466, Florence)

 master of sculpture in both

marble and bronze, one of the
greatest of all Italian
Renaissance artists.
 Technique: carving, bronze
casting
 Materials: marble, bronze
DAVID,
BRONZE
EQUESTRIAN
STATUE OF
GATTAMELATA