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C L
e
~
Today...
• RLC circuits with a sinusoidal drive
• Phase difference between current & voltage for
Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors.
• Reactance
• Phasors
• Application to frequency filters (high-, low-pass)
Driven LRC circuits
• Last time we discovered that an LC R
circuit was a natural oscillator: + +
1 - - C L
resonance in absence of resistive loss
LC
•
r1 r1 10 n 100
However, the resistance of any real inductor x 0,
n
.. r1
d 2Q dQ Q
L 2 R e m sin t
dt dt C
VC
Q
e m sin t Q Ce m sin t C IC
C e
~
IC
dQ
Ce m c o s t
dt
YES!
em Ce m1
1
00 2 4 6 t 0
0 2
t 4 6
x x
eL Circuit
• Now consider L: Loop eqn gives:
d IL em IL L
VL L e m s i n t d IL s i n t d t
dt L e
e em ~
I L d I L m c o s t sin t / 2
L L
0
f( x ) 0 0
f( x ) 0
Yes, yes,
em e but how to
m 1
1
L 00 2 4 6 remember?
00 2
tx
4 6
tx
Introducing...
VL leads IL VC lags IC
Hi kids, I’m Eli and
I’ll help you learn
physics !
1
VR I m R VC I m VL I m L
C
XL
XC
reactance
What is reactance?
You can think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance.
( " XR " R )
A capacitor is connected to an AC
generator as shown.
a) increase by a factor of 2
b) not change
c) decrease by a factor of 2
a) large b) small
b. ω=∞ No current
Vout
Vout Vout ≈ 0 e
~
ω=0 Inductor ~ wire Low-
pass filter
Vout ≈ ε
0
c. ω=0 No current because of capacitor
~
ω=∞ No current because of inductor
Vout
Vout (Conceptual
e sketch only)
Band-
pass
0 filter
An RL circuit is driven by an AC generator
as shown in the figure.
Strategy:
We will use Kirchhoff’s voltage law that the (phasor)
sum of the voltages VR, VC, and VL must equal Vdrive.
Phasors, cont.
R
Problem: Given Vdrive = εm sin(ωt), C L
find VR, VL, VC, iR, iL, iC e
~
VL εm εm
VC VR
VR VR VC εm
VC
(a) (b) (c)
VL εm εm
VC VR
VR VR VC εm
VC
(a) (b) (c)
• The phasor diagram for the driven series RLC circuit always has the
voltage across the capacitor lagging the current by 90. The vector sum
of the VC and VR phasors must equal the generator emf phasor εm.
Lecture 19, Act 2
~
2B For this circuit which of the following
is true?
(a) The drive voltage is in phase with the current.
(b) The drive voltage lags the current.
(c) The drive voltage leads the current.
First, remember that the current phasor i is
always in the same orientation as the resistor
voltage phasor VR (since the current and voltage
VR , i are always in phase). From the diagram, we see
f that the drive phasor εm is lagging (clockwise) i.
εm Just as VC lags i by 90, in an AC driven RC
circuit, the drive voltage will also lag i by some
angle less than 90. The precise phase lag f
depends on the values of R, C and .
RC Circuit, quantitative:
C
e m sin t
VR = iR ~ R
f
VC = iXC
εm
iR (iX C )2 e m
2 2 R
VR iR e m
R2 X C
2
i 2 ( R2 X C2 ) e m
2
VR R 1
em
i em R
2
0 2
1
2 1
R X
2 2
C
C
RC Circuit, cont.
C Vout
Vout R 1
e
e R
2
~ 0 2
1
R 2 1
C
1
0
Ex.: C = 1 μF, R = 1Ω RC
High-pass filter
0.8
"transmission"
0.6
0.4
High-pass filter
0.2
0
0.E+00 1.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 4.E+06 5.E+06 6.E+06
Note: this is ω, f
2
(Angular) frequency, om ega
LRC Circuits, quantitative
where . . .
Im XL
R
εm X L L
C L
e 1
Im R XC
~ C
Im XC
Im XL Im XC
e m2 I m2 R 2 X L X C 2
εm
f
X L XC em em
tan f Im
R2 X L X C Z
2
Im R R
I I m sin( t f ) Z R2 X L X C
2
Summary
• Reactances ~ frequency-dependent resistance
– Capacitors
1
» look like wires for high frequencies XC
» look like breaks for low frequencies C
» Voltage lags current by 90˚
– Inductors
X L L
» look like breaks for high frequencies
» look like wires for low frequencies
» Current lags voltage by 90˚
– Filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass) Im XL
• LRC Circuit εm
– Apply KVL using phasors I I m sin( t f )
f
X XC em em Im R
tan f L Im
R2 X L X C Z
2
R Im XC
Appendix: Phasors
• A phasor is a “vector” whose magnitude is the maximum value
of a quantity (e.g., V) and which rotates counterclockwise in a 2-
d plane with angular velocity . Recall uniform circular motion:
x r cos t y y
The projections of r (on
the vertical y axis) execute y r sin t
sinusoidal oscillation.
x
3
Ex. Source V e m sin(t ) 2
= y-component of the V-phasor 1
V=-εm
The phasor picture corresponds to a snapshot
at some time t. The projections of the phasors
along the vertical axis are the actual values of
the voltages at the given time. One can draw
the phasors at different times, simply by rotating
the entire diagram. With this understanding,
other questions can be easily answered…
When the current through the circuit is
maximum, what is the potential difference
across the inductor?
a) VL = 0
b) VL = VLmax/2
c) VL = VLmax
When the capacitor is fully charged, what is the magnitude of the voltage
across the inductor?
a) VL = 0 b) VL = VLmax/2 c) VL = VLmax
Explanation: Charge on C = max
Current = max
VR
VL VC