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• Child
• Desire
• Meditate
TWO MORPHEMES
• ‘childish’ child + -ish
• ‘desirable’ desire + -able
• ‘meditation’ meditate + tion
THREE MORPHEMES
• ‘childishness’ child + -ish + -ness
• ‘desirability’ desire + -able + -ity
FOUR MORPHEMES
• ‘undesireability’ un- + desire + -able + -ity
• ‘gentlemanliness’ gentle + man + -li + -ness
MORE THAN FOUR MORPHEMES
• ‘ungentlemanliness’ un- + gentle + man + -li + -ness
• ‘antidisestablishmentarianism anti- + dis- + establish + -ment + -ari + -an + -ism
MORPHEME
• Can consist of a single sound
• a- in amoral, asexual meaning ‘without’
• Can consist of a single syllable: examples?
• Two syllables: examples?
• Three syllables: examples?
• Four or more syllables: examples?
FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES
• Free morphemes: can stand alone
• e.g. Boy, child, desire, gentle, man
• Bound morphemes: cannot stand alone but must attach to another
morpheme (base)
• e.g. –ish, -ness, -ly, pre-, trans-, un-
• These bound morphemes are affixes
• Affixes may attach at the beginning, the end, in the middle, or both at the
beginning and end of a word
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
• Prefixes occur before other morphemes
• E.g. Un-(uncertain), pre- (premeditate)
• Suffixes occur after other morphemes
• E.g. –ish (childish), -ness (happiness)
INFIXES
• Infixes are inserted into other morphemes
• Bontoc, Philippines
Nouns/adjectives verbs
fikas ‘strong’ fumikas ‘to be strong’
kilad ‘red’ kumilad ‘to be red’
fusul ‘enemy’ fumusul ‘to be an enemy’
INFIXES
Nouns/adjectives verbs
fikas ‘strong’ fumikas ‘to be strong’
kilad ‘red’ kumilad ‘to be red’
fusul ‘enemy’ fumusul ‘to be an enemy’
INFIXES
• Can you think of infixes in Indonesian?
• English?
CIRCUMFIXES
• Circumfixes attach to other morphemes both initially and finally
• They always come together
• Chickasaw, Oklahoma
Affirmative Negative
chokma ‘he is good’ ikchokmo ‘he is not good’
lakna ‘it is yellow’ iklakno ‘it is not yellow’
palli ‘it is hot’ ikpallo ‘it is not hot’
tiwwi ‘he opens (it)’ ..................? ‘he does not
opens (it)’
• German
lieben ‘to love’ geliebt ‘loved’
machen ‘to make’ gemacht ‘made’
kaufen ‘to buy’ gekauft ‘bought’
BASE, STEM, AND ROOT
• Complex words can consist of a morpheme root and one or more affixes
• Paint ‘painter’
• Read ‘reread’
• Ceive ‘conceive’
• Ling ‘linguistics’
• Some roots can stand alone, some can’t stand alone
• Roots in Chickasaw circumfix
• Roots in Arabic and Hebrew
• Nouns and verbs derive from three consonantal root
• E.g. Root for ‘write’ is ktb
Derivational morphemes
Have clear semantic/lexical meaning
May change the word class of the derived words
Some productive, many nonproductive
• -s as in he eats rice for breakfast
• -ed as in he washed the dishes last night
• -ing as in he is speaking to his wife now
• -s as in his wife eats two apples
• Morphemes such as –s, -ed, -ing are inflectional morphemes
• These are bound morphemes that have grammatical functions but no
lexical meaning
• They mark properties such as tense, person, number, plurality
Inflectional morphemes