Philippine

History Notes
Prepared and summarized by:
Chona Pajarillo-Agustin, DPA
Asst. Professor 2
 CHAPTER I
THE LAND AND
THE PEOPLE
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
 The Philippines is located in the southern
part of Asia north of the equator.
NORTH: Taiwan
WEST: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and
Thailand
SOUTH: Indonesia
SOUTHWEST: Malaysia, Singapore
 ASEAN:Philippines, Brunei, Myanmar
-the only existing regional organization in
Asia.

EAST: Pacific Ocean

N/W: South China Sea
SOUTH: Celebes Sea and the coastal waters
of Borneo
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
 The Philippines is composed of 7107 big
and small islands with a total land area of
300,000 square kilometers.
FIVE BIGGEST ISLANDS
LUZON (105,000 SQ.KM)
MINDANAO (95,000 SQ. KM.)
PALAWAN (14,896 SQ.KM)
NEGROS (13,672 SQ.KM)
SAMAR (13,429 SQ.KM)
LANDFORMS
 Mountains
 Hills
 Valleys
 Plains
SIERRA MADRE: the largest and longest
mountain range in the Philippines.
MT. APO: the highest peak in the country.
MT.MAYON: world’s famous volcano for its
perfect cone.
 MT. TAAL: reputed to be the smallest
volcano
 CAGAYAN VALLEY: the largest valley and
one of the largest tobacco-producing
regions in Asia.
 CENTRAL PLAIN OF LUZON: the rice granary
of the Philippines and the largest plain.
CLIMATE
 DRY SEASON: March- June
 WET SEASON: July- October
December- coldest month
May- hottest month
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
 TAMARAW (Mindoro):
-dwarf carabao
 MOUSE DEER (Palawan):
-smallest deer in the world
 TARSIER (Bohol):
-world’s smallest monkey
 MONKEY-EATING EAGLE (Mindanao):
-reputed to be one of the world’s largest eagles
and declared as national bird in 1995
FILIPINO TRAITS
 GOOD BAD
-sociability/hospitality -extravagance
-polite/courteous -gambling
-religiosity -bahala na
-close family ties -lack of

perseverance
 CHAPTER 2
THE FILIPINOS
DURING THE PRE-
SPANISH TIMES
THE EARLY FILIPINOS
 PALAWAN MAN:
-a man lived about 22,000 years ago.
-his skull cap and remnants of tools and
weapons were unearthed in the Tabon Cave
in Palawan.
 PYGMY:
-came about 25,000 years ago.
-the ancestors of the Negritoes who are
considered the aborigines of the Philippines.
 NEGRITO/AETA:
-came about 12,000-15,000 years ago.
 INDONESIANS:
-the first sea immigrants of the Philippines
who came about 5,000-6,000 years ago.
 MALAYS:
-came about 800 and 300 & 200 B.C.

WAVES:
a. HEAD-HUNTING:
-ancestors of the Bontoks, Kalingas
b. ALPHABET USING:
-ancestors of the Ilokanos, Tagalogs and Bisayans
c. MUSLIM:
-ancestors of the Muslim of Mindanao
BARANGAY
-consisted of 30-100 families/ households
which was headed by a datu
-it came from a Malay word balangay
which means a sailboat
-the datu’s position was originally hereditary
but later based on ability and talent
COUNCIL OF ELDERS:
-the adviser of the datu
UMALOHOKAN:
-the town crier/town announcer

TRIAL BY ORDEAL
TWO OLDEST LAWS
MARAGTAS CODE:
-believed to be written by Datu Sumakwel
KALANTIAW CODE:
-written by Rajah Kalantiaw
PRE-SPANISH SOCIETY
 FOUR CLASSES
1. CHIEFTAIN
2. FREEMEN
3. COMMONERS
4. SLAVES
TWO KINDS:
1. NAMAMAHAY:
2. SAGUIGUILID:
CAUSES OF SLAVERY
1. By birth
2. By purchase
3. Captivity in war
4. Penalty for crimes committed
5. Penalty for non payment of debts
WAYS OF EMANCIPATING A
SLAVE
1. Marriage
2. Purchase
3. Voluntary action of the master
CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS
 MEN:
Wore a collarless and short sleeved jacket
called kangan and bahag.
-they wore a putong, necklace, armlets,
earrings, rings and anklets.
WOMEN:
Wore a sleeved jacket called baro and skirt
called saya and tapis.
-they wore bracelets, necklace, earrings, rings
with precious gems.
ISLAMIZATION OF
SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
 MUKDUM:
-an Arab teacher who arrived in Sulu in 1380
to preach Islam.
-he built the first mosque in Sulu.
 SHERIFF MUHAMMAD KABUNGSUWAN:
-he spread Islam in Mindoro in the 15th
century and founded the Sultanate of
Maguindanao.
CHAPTER 3
THE COMING
OF SPAIN
WHY SPAIN CAME TO THE
PHILIPPINES
 The great need for spices and other
similar flavorings which were needed not
only to make food more delicious but also
to help prevent meat from spoiling.
 They desired also oriented goods such as
precious stones, gems, jewels, silk and
other fine textiles and medicinal herbs.
 All of these products reached European
consumers in very high prices because it
passes through many hands and difficult
journey.
 MUSLIM TURKS:
-came into power in the 15th century and
captured Constantinople- a Christian city
and capital of Byzantine Empire. It is an
important stopping point of the traditional
routes. All the routes pass through
Constantinople going to the
Mediterranean coast and to Europe.
 After capturing Constantinople, the
Muslim Turks closed two of the three trade
routes.
 the only trade route open was given
privilege to Venice.
 Venice acquired a monopoly of the trade
in Asian goods.
 Venetian traders jacked up their prices.
SEARCH FOR A SEA ROUTE
TO THE ORIENT
 To break the Venetian monopoly of the
Asian goods, Portugal and Spain decided
to look for a sea route to the Orient.
 FAMOUS MARINERS:
 BARTOLOMEU DIAS:
-the first to sail through the Cape of Good
Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1487
 VASCO DE GAMA:
-sailed beyond the Cape and reached
Calicut, India on may 20, 1498.
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS:
-an Italian mariner in the service of Spain
came upon Walting Island in Oct. 12, 1492
-he reached Caribbean, Cuba, Puerto Rico
and Hispaniola
 AMERIGO VESPUCCI:
-America was named after him.
 VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA:
-discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513
while exploring Panama and claimed for
Spain.
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
-to prevent the conflict of the two leading
European kingdoms, Pope Alexander VI
decided to divide the world to these two
bitter rivals.
-on May 4, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued the
Papal Bull Inter Caetera. This document drew
an imaginary line about 483 kilometers west of
the Azores islands. All lands east of the line
would belong to Portugal and all lands west
of it would go to Spain.
-later, the Pope issued another papal order
granting Spain the right to claim lands
that she would discover east of the
demarcation line which Portugal
protested.
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
-to end the territorial dispute, Spain and
Portugal decided to sign a treaty on July
1494.
-the treaty provides the two nations to
move the demarcation line about 1303
kilometers further west of the Azores and
Cape Verde islands.
MAGELLAN VOYAGE
5 SHIPS
-Victoria
-Concepcion
-San Antonio
-Santiago
-Trinidad- the flagship
*there were 280 men assigned to him but
only 36 were able to return to Spain.
-Magellan left San Lucar de Barrameda on
the southern coast of Spain on Sept. 20,
1519.
-the expedition lasted for 18 months before
the Philippines was reached due to the
reasons that he sailed on seas that no
European had sailed on before, and they
had no navigational aids.
PROBLEMS
 Mutiny and desertion
-April 1, 1520-mutiny; San Antonio
deserted Magellan and went back to
Spain
 Lack of food
 Lack of water
 Bad weather
 Diseases
 death
MARCH 6, 1521:
-Magellan reached Marianas islands
(GUAM).
-he named the island “islands of Sails”
because of the many sailboats.
-he later renamed it to “Ladrones” or island
of thieves for one of his boats was stolen
by the natives.
-left the island on March 9, 1521.
DISCOVERY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
MARCH 16, 1521:
-Magellan landed in Samar.
MARCH 17, 1521:
- Magellan landed in Homonhon.
MARCH 28, 1521:
Magellan reached Masao where he entered
into a blood compact with Rajah Kulambu as
a gesture of friendship. This was the first
recorded blood compact in the history of the
Phils.
MARCH 31, 1521:
-the first mass in the Phils. Was celebrated
on the shores of Masao by Rev. Pedro de
Valderama.
-after the mass, Magellan planted a cross
overlooking the sea claiming the land in
the name of King Charles of Spain.
-he named the country “Archipelago of
Saint Lazarus”
APRIL 7, 1521:
-Magellan sailed to Cebu with Kulambu.
-Cebu was ruled by Rajah Humabon where
another blood compact was entered
into.
.
APRIL 14, 1521:
-Fr. Valderama conducted the first mass
baptism where 800 Cebuanos were
converted to Christianity.
-Magellan erected a wooden cross on the
shore now known as Magellan cross found in
Cebu.
-Magellan gave Juana a small image of the
Holy Child Jesus (Sto. Nino) who is now Cebu’s
patron saint
APRIL 27, 1521:
-Magellan sailed to Mactan to intervene in
the power struggle between the two rival
chieftains of the island- Sula and
Lapulapu.
-Magellan died together with his some men.
-Lapulapu’s victory marked the first
successful defense for freedom.
THE RETURN TO SPAIN
-Victoria and Trinidad were the two
remaining ships of Magellan. The
Concepcion was destroyed and
abandoned in Bohol.
VICTORIA:
-commanded by Juan Sebastian de Elcano
loaded with spices was able to return to
Spain on Sept 16, 1522 with only 18
surviving crew members.
THE TREATY OF ZARAGOZA
APRIL 22, 1529:
-Spain and Portugal signed another treaty
which ended their dispute over
Moluccas. Under the treaty, Spain sold to
Portugal all her claims over Moluccas. A
new demarcation line of 1430 kilometers
east of Moluccas was drawn.
CHAPTER 4:
CONQUEST AND
COLONIZATION
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
 When Prince Philip became the king of
Spain, he decided to colonize the
Philippines.
THREE REASONS:
1. To obtain riches of the Phils.
2. To enhance the imperial glory by adding
more lands to Spain.
3. To spread Christianity to the natives.
 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI:
-commander of the expedition
 FR. ANDRES DE URDANETA:
-appointed chief navigator and spiritual
leader.
*The expedition consisted of 4 ships and 350
men sailed from Navidad, Mexico on
November 21, 1564.
-Legazpi was given an instruction by the
king to fulfill the goals of Spain and to be
friend the natives.
SPANISH SETTLEMENT IN
CEBU
 Legazpi arrived in Cebu in February 1565. but
because of the hostilities of the natives, he
decided to go to the nearby island such as
Samar, Leyte, Limasawa, Camiguin,
Mindanao and Bohol.
 in Bohol, Legazpi concluded a blood
compact with Sikatuna and Sigala.
 From Bohol, Legazpi decided to go back to
Cebu and arriving there on April 27, 1565.
 Due to the resistance of the natives,
Legazpi attacked the Cebuanos who fled
to the hills. But mindful of the king’s
instruction, he befriend the natives and
did not punish them.
 Legazpi and Rajah Tupas signed a peace
agreement under which the Cebuanos
agreed to pay tribute to the king of Spain
as a symbol that they recognize him as
their sovereign.
 Tupas donated a land on which Legazpi
established a permanent settlement
which he named “the city of the most
holy name of Jesus”. Thus, the oldest city
of the Philippines.
 Due to the Portuguese harassment and
lacked of food, Legazpi decided to move
to Panay in 1569.
DISCOVERY OF THE RETURN
ROUTE
 After establishing a settlement in Cebu,
Legazpi dispatched Fr. Urdaneta to look
for a way back to Mexico.
 Urdaneta was accompanied by Felipe
de Salcedo, Legazpi’s grandson, left
Cebu boarded the San Pedro on June 1,
1565 and reached Navidad, Mexico on
October 01, 1565.
CAPTURE OF MANILA
 Legazpi learned of the existence of a rich
Muslim kingdom in Luzon named Maynila.
 On May 1570, Legazpi sent an expedition
of 120 Spanish soldiers under the
command of Capt. Martin de Goiti to
Maynila with Juan de Salcedo, youngest
grandson of Legazpi as second in
command.
 Maynila then was ruled by Rajah
Matanda and Soliman.
 Due to the resistance of Rajah Soliman, an
armed clash between him and Martin de
Goiti happened. Goiti defeated Soliman
and reported to Legazpi in Cebu and
recommended a conquest of Manila.
 inMay 1571, a second Spanish expedition
arrived in Maynila commanded by
Legazpi. Convinced by the sincerity of
Legazpi, Soliman and Matanda and
Lakandula of Tondo agreed to
acknowledge the sovereignty of Spain
and to pay tribute.
 Legazpi moved his headquarters to
Maynila on June 24, 1571 and made it the
capital of the Phils.
SPREAD OF SPANISH
RULE
 MARTIN DE GOITI:
-spread Spanish colonization in Central
Luzon
JUAN DE SALCEDO:
-responsible in the spread of colonization in
Southern Luzon, Quezon, Camarines,
Northern Luzon, Zambales, Pangasinan,
Ilocos region, Polilio island, Sierra Madre
and Bicol region (July 1573)
JUAN DE SALCEDO
 Due to his outstanding role in the
colonization of the Phils., Gov. Gen. Guido
de Lavezares, successor of Legazpi gave
Salcedo a part of Ilocos region as a
reward as his encomienda.
 He named the place Villa Fernandina in
honor of Prince Ferdinand. This place is
now Vigan, Ilocos Sur.
 Salcedo died on March 11, 1576 at the
age of 27, and the natives hailed him as
the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines
because of his being kind, generous and
treated the natives with respect.
 On August 20, 1572, Legazpi died in
Manila as a poor man, he was buried at
the St. Augustine convent in Manila.
 Legazpi laid the foundations of Spain’s
colonial rule in the Phils.
SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE
 MT.PROVINCE
 MUSLIM MINDANAO
FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST
SPANISH RULE
 Lakandula revolt in Tondo (1574)
 Tondo conspiracy (1587)
 Magalot revolt of Cagayan (1596)
 Bankaw revolt of Leyte (1622)
 Sumuroy uprising of Samar (1649)
 Maniago revolt of Pampanga (1660)
 Malong revolt of Pangasinan (1660)
 Dagohoy revolt in Bohol (longest revolt)
 Ilocos revolt of Diego and Gabriela (1762)
 Polaris revolt of Pangasinan (1762)
 Tayabas (1840)
 Cavite mutiny (1872)
FOREIGN CHALLENGES TO
SPANISH RULE
 Portuguese
 Dutch (religion)
 British
 Chinese
 Japanese
 CHAPTER 5

CONSEQUENCES OF THE
SPANISH PRESENCE IN
THE PHILIPPINES
THE PHILS ACQUIRES A
GEOGRAPHICAL
IDENTITY
The islands that came under Spanish rule
became one geographical unit known as Las
Islas Filipinas ruled by a colonial government.
The Spaniards called the Filipinos as indios
though they have a geographical unity and
identity, a common government and a
common religion.
The Filipinos practiced the regionalistic attitude
which was exploited by the Spaniards.
NATIVES BECOME VASSALS
OF SPAIN
The natives were required to pay the
tribute/ tributo which was 8 reales per
family. This was increased to 10 reales in
1602 and 12 in 1851.
The Filipinos hated the tribute because of
the abuses of the Spaniards and served
as a symbol of slavery and degradation of
the natives.
Because of the abuses in the collection of
the tribute, it was abolished in 1884 and
was replaced by the cedula tax.

POLO:
-male Filipinos from ages 16-60 were
required to work for the government for
40 days in a year.
The worker is called polistas and to be
exempted from the polo, a paying fee
called falla be paid.

BANDALA:
The compulsory sale by the natives of their
form products to the government.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
-The colonial government was established
in Manila headed by a governor-general.
-The government was a highly centralized .
-There was a union of the church and the
state in which priests served as agents of
the colonial government, supervised the
election of the guberbadorcillo, inspector
of the local primary school, town’s tax
collection inspector.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL
-exercised the king’s royal patronage which
included the right to appoint religious
officials and to create or abolish parishes.
-the highest colonial official who was
appointed by the king.
-he appointed all the subordinate officials
of the colony.
-he exercised legislative powers.
-he could issue laws and regulations that
had the force of law.
-he is also the president of the Royal
Audiencia.
-he is also the commander-in-chief of the
colonial armed forces.
HOW SPAIN GOVERNED THE PHILS.
-The king ruled the Phils and aided by the
Council of Indies created in 1524.
CHECKS TO THE
GUBERNATORIAL POWERS
ROYAL AUDIENCIA:
-its duty is to check the abuses of the colonial
officials and do justice to the natives.

RESIDENCIA:
-an investigation of the actuations of an
outgoing governor-general conducted by his
successor. The out-going governor-general
had to defend himself from the charges of his
enemies.
VISITA:
-a secret inquiry into the actuations of top
colonial officials ordered by the king.

ARCHBISHOP AND CLERGY:

PRIVATE LETTERS OF COMPLAINT

 APPRAISAL
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI:
-treated the natives with kindness and fairness.

JOSE BASCO:
-laid the agricultural foundations and progress.
-adopted an economic development program.
-established in 1781 the Economic Society of Friends
of the Country.
-government monopoly of tobacco.
CARLOS MARIA DE LA TORRE:
-the most liberal minded governor-general.
-he abolished press censorship.
-he mixed to the natives and sympathized
for freedom.
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
-designed to reward those who had served
the king well.
-the encomendero received from the king
a temporary grant of land with the right to
receive the income from the land and to
govern the living people on it.
THREE CLASSES OF
ENCOMIENDA
1.) ROYAL:
-those set aside for the king
2.) ECCLESIASTICAL:
-assigned to the different religious orders
3.) PRIVATE:
-those given to the Spaniards who helped
the king in the colonization
FR. DOMINGO DE SALAZAR:
-the first bishop defenders of the natives.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

*PROVINCES
-PACIFIED (ALCALDIAS)
those whose inhabitants had accepted
Spanish rule and headed by an alcalde
mayor.
-UNPACIFIED (CORREGIMIENTOS)
those areas where some resistance to
Spanish rule under a military officer known
as corregidores.
CITIES:
MANILA: second city (1574)
CEBU: oldest city (1569)
-called ayuntamiento consisted of a city
council (cabildo)
TOWNS:
-known as pueblos headed by a
guberbadorcillo elected by a group of
electors of 12 barangay chiefs and the
out-going guberbadorcillo.
BARRIOS:
-known as barrios headed by a cabeza de
barangay
CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE
FILIPINOS
-one significant consequence of the
Spanish colonization which is the Spain’s
enduring legacy to the Filipinos.

FR. ANDRES DE URDANETA:

-the head of the first five Augustinian
friars/missionaries in the country.
MISSIONARIES IN THE PHILS:
-Augustinians
-Franciscans
-Jesuits and Dominicans
-Recollects
-Benedictines
MISSIONARIES:
-credited for the untiring, selfless and dedicated
efforts for the Christianization of the Filipinos.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
-first western teachers
-built schools, roads, bridges, churches
-founded towns
-built hospitals, orphanages, asylum
-taught natives of basic hygiene and sanitation
-defenders of the oppressed natives
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY:
-one of effects of Spanish presence in the
country.
 INTRODUCTION OF THE
WESTERN/EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF
EDUCATION
-the principal aim of education was to
make the natives obedient and god-
fearing Christians in which religion was a
compulsory subject at all levels.
MORO-MORO:
-a play depicting the struggle between
Christians and Muslims.
CENACULO:
-a play depicting the passion and death of
Christ.
ZARZUELA:
-a musical comedy.
-adoption of Spanish names
-introduction of a new language

DEVELOPMENT OF PHIL. LITERATURE

FRANCISCO BALAGTAS:
-a writer of a vernacular epic who wrote the
famous Tagalog epic “Florante at Laura”
-the prince of Tagalog poets
PEDRO BUKANEG:
-the famous writer of Ilocano epic poem “Lam-
ang”

INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING IN THE PHILS:

-one of the most significant event in the cultural
development of the Phils was the introduction
of the printing press which enabled books to
be printed.
-the first printing press was established in
Binondo, Manila (1593) by the
Dominicans.

JUAN DE VERA:
-the first known printer of the Phils who was
Chinese mestizo.
TOMAS PINPIN:
-a native Filipino who was trained to print in
Abu cay, Bataan
-he is the Prince of Filipino printers.
INTRODUCTION OF
WESTERN/EUROPEAN ARTS

COLEGIO DE NINOS TIPLES (1742):

-the first school of music for Filipinos in
Manila.
BAMBOO ORGAN IN LAS PINAS:
-one of the most enduring musical heritage
of the Filipinos by the missionaries (Fr.
Diego Cerra)
FELIX RESURRECCION HIDALGO
JUAN LUNA
-famous Filipino painters

DAMIAN DOMINGO:
-he established the first school of painting in
the Phils.
-he is the father of Filipino painting.
RISE OF SOCIAL CLASSES

MASSES:
PRINCIPALES:
-consist of the native Filipino aristocrats
-they comprised the principalia
TWO CLASSES OF SPANIARDS
PENINSULARES:
-a Spaniard born in Spain
CREOLES:
-a Spaniard born in the Phils also known as
insulares/mestizos
MIDDLE CLASS:
-Filipinos who reaped the benefits of
economic progress
ILUSTRADOS:
-the rich and educated Filipinos who led the
struggle for Filipino nationhood.
CHAPTER 6:
THE RISE OF
FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
ABSENCE OF NATIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
NATIONALISM:
-love of one’s country
-a feeling of belonging to a country

REASONS :
*geography of the country
*Spain’s policy of keeping the natives divided
*absence of a leader
SPAIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO
FILIPINO NATIONHOOD
-common ancestry
-cultural heritage
-love for freedom
-common religion
-common geographical identity
-common central government
-providing a set of Filipino grievances
THE RISE OF THE FILIPINO MIDDLE
CLASS:
-composed of merchants, traders,
professionals, planters, and landowners
which include the creoles and mestizo
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT:
-a campaign wage by the secular priests to
win control of the parishes from the
regular priests or missionaries
-the secular priests were not members of
any religious orders.
CAVITE MUTINY:
-staged by a group of Filipino soldiers and
workers at the Cavite arsenal headed by
Sgt. La Madrid
-it was caused by the abolition of Gov.
Gen. Isquierdo of certain privileges
enjoyed by the workers on polo and
tribute.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT:
-a peaceful campaign for reforms waged in the
Phils by the educated Filipinos in Spain.
-the leaders of the campaign were called
propagandists because they waged their
cause through the use of pen and tongue to
expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Phils
and asked for the immediate solution to
remedy them.
REFORMS DESIRED:
-equality between the Filipinos and Spaniards
-abolition of the tribute
-equal rights of Filipinos and Spaniards in
government positions
-Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
-secularization of the Phil. Parishes
-restoration of human and political rights for the
Filipinos
LA SOLIDARIDAD:
-a fortnightly newspaper of the
Propaganda movement which became
the organ of it
-founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena who
became its first editor.
FAILURE OF THE PROPAGANDA:
-lack of unity
-rival groups were organized
-jealousy and intrigues
-shortage of funds
LA LIGA FILIPINA:
-organized by Jose Rizal in July 1892 in
Manila
-a civic association of Filipinos
 CHAPTER 7
THE PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION OF
1896
THE KATIPUNAN
-established by Andres Bonifacio on July 7,
1892 which aimed to win Philippine
independence from Spain by means of
an armed revolution.
-it was patterned after the La Liga Filipina
-its first supremo was Deodato Arellano
ANDRES BONIFACIO:
-the father of the katipunan
-called the great plebeian

EMILIO JACINTO
-brains of the katipunan
-writer of the kartilla of katipunan
-editor of the kalayaan newspaper of the KKK
KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP:
-TRIANGLE SYSTEM:
-the original means of recruiting members
to the KKK
-INITIATION:
-used to replaced the triangle system due
to its complex status
MEMBERSHIP CLASSES
*KATIPUN:
-the first degree member of the KKK with a
password of Anak ng Bayan
*KAWAL:
-second degree with a password of
Gomburza
*BAYANI:
-third degree with a password of Rizal
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR:
-On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and his men
went to the hills of Montalban and
reaffirmed their plan of war against Spain.
-this was called the Cry of Montalban

DR. PIO VALENZULA:

- The personal emissary of Bonifacio to Rizal
in Dapitan
BETRAYAL OF THE KKK
-on August 19, 1896, the existence of the
KKK was discovered by the Spanish
authorities.
TEODORO PATINO:
-a talkative katipunero and worker at the
Diario de Manila told his sister and a nun
in an orphanage about the KKK. He later
confessed to Fr. Mariano Gil and later to
the Spanish authorities
OUTBREAK OF THE
REVOLUTION
-Bonifacio, Jacinto and other men escaped
to the hills of Balintawak. A meeting was
held at the house of Tandang Sora’s son
in Pugad Lawin
-during the meeting, they brought out their
cedula certificates, tore them into pieces
and shouted “Long live the Phils”.
-this event was the “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
MANILA CAVITE
LAGUNA PAMPANGA
BULACAN TARLAC
BATANGAS NUEVA ECIJA
-the first eight provinces to rise up against
Spain
THE RISE OF AGUINALDO:
-a 27-year old town mayor of Cavite and
the leader of the Magdalo faction of the
KKK in Cavite
BONIFACIO DOWNFALL
MAGDIWANG COUNCIL:
-headed by Mariano Alvarez, uncle-in-law
of Bonifacio
MAGDALO COUNCIL:
-headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo, cousin
of Aguinaldo
DECEMBER 31, 1896:
-a meeting was held in Cavite to end the
KKK leadership but instead the KKK future
was the issue.
-the Magdalo called for the establishment
of a revolutionary government to replace
the KKK.
-the Magdalo group won in the following
meeting at Tejeros.
-in the Tejeros assembly, Bonifacio lost
leadership to Aguinaldo. Bonifacio was
elected Director of the Interior but was
questioned by Daniel Firona.
-because of the event, Bonifacio left Tejeros
and promised not to recognize the new
government.
-Bonifacio landed in Naic, Cavite where he
and his men signed the Naic Military
Agreement under which the KKK would
have a separate military army from that of
Aguinaldo.
-in Indang, Cavite, Bonifacio was captured
by Aguinaldo’s men and his brother
Ciriaco was killed.
-Bonifacio was tried at Maragondon by a
military court headed by Gen. Mariano
Noriel who tried him of rebellion and
sedition.
-Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were
found guilty and taken on May 10 to the
hills and executed.
PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO
-Aguinaldo slipped through Spanish lines
and arrived at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan in
July 1897 where he established a republic
 CHAPTER 8
BRIEF
INTERLUDE OF
FREEDOM
AGUINALDO IN HONG KONG
-Upon his arrival in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo in
December 1897 deposited the 400,00 that
Spain had given him as the result of the Pact
of Biak-na-Bato.
-He planned to use the money to buy arms
when the time has to resume the revolution.
-The Filipinos in Hong Kong were thinking of
seeking America’s assistance in their
revolutionary struggle.
E. SPENCER PRATT &
ROUNCEVILLE WILDMAN
-The two US consuls who met with
Aguinaldo several times in Hong Kong to
convince him to side with the Americans.

-Aguinaldo was made to believe that the

Americans had no intention of making the
Phils as a colony.
-convinced with the sincerity of the
Americans, Aguinaldo decided to return
to the Phils.

-he gave Wildman 117,000.00 to buy arms

for Aguinaldo army. Only 50,000.00 was
used.
AGUINALDO RETURNS TO
THE PHILS
-On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo arrived in
Cavite on the USS McCullough, one of
Commodore Dewey’s ships.
-upon his arrival, he issued a call to arms to
all Filipinos
SPAIN’S EFFORTS TO WIN
FILIPINO LOYALTY

-When Spain-American war broke out,

Spain tried to win Filipino loyalty to fight
the Americans.
ORGANIZATION OF A
GOVERNMENT
MARIANO PONCE:
-a Filipino exile had written a constitution for
a federal republic that Aguinaldo wanted
to set up in the Phils.
-However, Aguinaldo decided to set up a
dictatorial government upon the advice
of the American consul and Ambrocio
Rianzares Bautista.
-On May 24, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a
decree establishing a dictatorial
government with himself as dictator of
which a temporary arrangement only.
-On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo abolished this
government and established a
Revolutionary government upon the
advice of Apolinario Mabini, the sublime
paralytic and the brains of Philippine
revolution.
DECLARATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
-On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the
independence of the Phils at Kawit, Cavite.
-for the first time, the new flag was raised which
was sewn in Hong Kong by Marcela
Agoncillo, wife of Felipe Agoncillo.
-as the new flag was raised, a band of San
Francisco de Malabon played the “Marcha
Filipina Magdalo” composed by Julian Felipe
and the words by Jose Palma.
-The declaration of the independence was
the most outstanding accomplishment of
the Dictatorial government.

MALOLOS CONGRESS:
-in the decree of June 18, 1898, Mabini
included a provision calling for the
election of delegates to a revolutionary
congress.
-this body was not a law-making body but
merely an advisory body.
-the Congress held its session on September
15, 1898 at Barasoain Church.
-the first act of the Congress was the
ratification of the Phil independence.
FRAMING OF A
CONSTITUTION
-The Congress decided to draft a
constitution for the nation despite the
objection of Mabini.
-The Congress rejected the proposed
constitution of Mabini and Paterno and
debated on the Calderon plan which
provided for a union of the church and
the state.
-on November 29,1898, the Congress
approved the constitution and Aguinaldo
signed it on January 21, 1899. This was the
first constitution prepared and produced
by the Filipinos as a free people.
FIRST REPUBLIC
-formally inaugurated on January 23, 1899
in Malolos, Bulacan which is the Malolos
Republic.
-on the same day, Aguinaldo was
inaugurated as president.
-the legislative power is vested in an
assembly of representatives.
INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF
THE REPUBLIC
-Despite the proclamation of its
independence, the country did not
become a member of the family of
nations and no country ever recognized it
even America.
 CHAPTER 9
THE COMING OF
THE UNITED
STATES
REVOLUTION IN CUBA
MAXIMO GOMEZ:
-the leader of the Cubans in revolt against
Spain

VALERIANO WEYLER:
-commander of all Spanish forces in Cuba
 AMERICA BECOMES
INVOLVED IN THE CUBAN
REVOLUTION
REASONS:
-Cuba was just right at America’s doorsteps
-Americans have investments in Cuba

-In January 1898, Pres. William Mc Kinley sent the US

navy battleship Maine to Cuba to help evacuate
American citizens in case their lives were
endangered.
US INVOLVEMENT IN CUBA
LEADS TO WAR WITH SPAIN
TWO INCIDENTS THAT TRIGGERED THE CONFLICT:
-The stolen private letter of Enrique Dupuy
de Lome which was published in the New
York Journal describing Pres McKinley in
unflattering terms as would-be-politician
and a weak president.
-the mysterious explosion that sank the USS
Maine in Havana harbor of February 15,
1898 with the loss of some 260 of her crew.

-the Us Congress appropriated on March 9,

1898 the sum of $50M for war preparations
-Pres. McKinley wished to avoid war with
Spain and favored negotiations.
-On April 9, 1898, Spain granted America’s
demands for a 6-month ceasefire in Cuba
and the abolition of concentration camps
in Cuba.
-But because of his party’s clamor to war,
McKinley sent on April 11 a war message
to the US Congress. He recommended
direct American intervention in Cuba.
REASONS OF MCKINLEY OF
WAR WITH SPAIN
-To end Spanish cruelty in Cuba
-To protect American lives and properties in
Cuba
-To end the harm on American trade
-To remove a menace to America’s security
-The US Congress enacted a resolution
granting McKinley’s request and
proclaiming independence of Cuba from
Spain
-The Teller Amendment also declared that
America has no intention over Cuba.
 DEWEY DESTROYS THE
SPANISH FLEET IN THE
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
-On April 25, Commodore Dewey was informed that
war has broken out between US and Spain.
-He was ordered to proceed to the Phils and engage
the Spanish fleet led by Olympia, Dewey’s
Squadron, consisted of 4 armored cruisers, 2
gunboats and a revenue cutter.
-On May 1, 1898, Dewey’s ships entered
Manila Bay and gave battle to the
Spanish fleet under Admiral Patricio
Montojo
-Montojo’s ships including his flagship Reina
Castilla were destroyed.
-Dewey’s victory led to his promotion to
Rear Admiral and McKinley thanked him
AMERICAN TROOPS ARRIVE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
-The first American expeditionary force
commanded by Brigadier General
Thomas Anderson landed in Cavite and
another two in July on which all were
placed under the over-all command of
Major General Wesley E. Merritt.
-knowing that their position was hopeless
Spanish authorities under Gen. Fermin
Jaudenes secretly negotiated with Dewey
and Merritt for the surrender of Manila to
the Americans.
-to preserve Spanish honor, they asked for a
token fight and that the Spaniards would
hoist a white flag on the city walls to signal
the end of the fighting.
-the Spaniards also insisted that Filipino
troops not be allowed to enter the city
gates for fear of vengeance.
SPAIN SUES FOR PEACE
-On August 12, 1898, the day before Manila
fell, Spain and US signed an armistice
agreement which provided that Spain
agreed to evacuate all her troops from
Cuba and give up control of the island,
cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the US
and allow US to occupy Manila.
US ACQUIRES THE
PHILIPPINES
-Peace Commissioners of the two nations met in
Paris in October 1898 to draft a peace treaty.
-On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was
signed which formally ended the war
between the two nations.
-under this treaty, Spain recognized the
independence of Cuba, ceded Guam,
Puerto Rico and Phils to US and received a
$20M payment from US.
 CHAPTER 10:
THE PHILIPPINE-
AMERICAN WAR
FILIPINO RESENTMENT
-When the were not allowed to enter
Manila, they showed resentment towards
the Americans.
-This resentment led to a suspicion which
was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris and
the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
of McKinley on January 4, 1899bproviding
that US extends by force American
sovereignty over the Phils.
-on January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued a
counter proclamation which he warned
the Americans that the Filipinos are
prepared to fight the Americans.
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
-The growing hostilities between US and Phils
needed just one spark to develop into an
armed conflict. This spark was struck on
the night of Februaryb4, 1899 by Pvt.
Robert W. Grayson who fired the first
gunfire that signalled the beginning of the
war.
-when the fighting had broken out,
Aguinaldo contacted Elwell Otis to stop
the fight.
 THE VICTORY FOR
AMERICAN ARMS
-The Phil-American war was a victory for the
American for the following reasons:
1. Numerical superiority
2. Arms superiority
3. Training superiority

-on March 31, 1899, Malolos fell into the

hands of M/Gen. Arthur McArthur, the
father of Douglas.
 DISUNITY AMONG
FILIPINOS
-Mabini and Paterno
-Antonio Luna against other military men

CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO:
MARCH 31, 1899:
-Aguinaldo fled to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, to
Tarlac to Pangasinan, La union, Abra,
Benguet, Mt Province and Palanan, Isabela
on Sept. 6, 1900.
March 23, 1901:
-Aguinaldo was finally captured by the
Americans led by Brig. Gen. Frederick Funston
through a trick planned reinforcement.
-Aguinaldo was brought to Manila and kept a
prisoner at Malacanang where he was
treated by Gen. Mac Arthur more as a guest
than as a prisoner.
-Aguinaldo swore allegiance to the Americans
on April 01, 1901.
-on April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamation calling all Filipinos to lay
down their arms and accept American
rule.
-the capture of Aguinaldo signalled the
death of the First Phil. Republic
END OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE:
-many Filipinos surrendered to the
Americans in response to Aguinaldo.
MIGUEL MALVAR:
-surrendered on April 16, 1902 in
Batangas.
SIMEON OLA:
-surrendered on Sept. 25, 1903 in
Albay.
 CHAPTER II
ESTABLISHMENT
OF AMERICAN
RULE
-President McKinley addressed the 67th US
Congress stating his aims over the Phils.
“The Phils are ours not to exploit but to
develop, civilize, educate and to train in
the science of self-government.”
-He instructed the commissions that the US
came to the Phils not to conquer but to
work for their benefit and welfare.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
-the first government established by the
Americans following the surrender of
Manila on August 1898.
*M/Gen. Wesley Merritt: first military governor
*M/Gen. Elwell Otis: second
*M/Gen. Arthur MacArthur: third
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE
MILITARY GOVERNMENT
-reorganized the courts in the country. It
established a Supreme Court composed
of 6 Fils and 3 Americans on which CAYETANO
ARELLANO named the first Chief Justice.
-it organized towns and provincial
governments. Elections were held to
choose the local officials. The first town to
hold elections on May 6, 1899 was BALIUAG,
BULACAN.
-it introduced public school system.
MANILA HIGH SCHOOL: the first public school in
the Phils opened on June 11, 1906.
ENGLISH was taught by the American
soldiers acting as the first English teachers
led by Rev. William McKinnon, a US Army
Chaplain.
FIRST PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
-known as the Schurman Commission
headed by Dr. Jacob G. Schurman.
-given the task of looking into the condition
in the Phils and to recommend the kind of
government that should be established.
-arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899.
-submitted its reports to Pres. McKinley on
January 31, 1900.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. US should remain in the Phils in as much as
the Filipinos were not yet ready for
independence.
2. Military rule be replaced by civil government
3. A territorial government should be
established with a bicameral lawmaking
body. The lower house be elective while the
upper house would be half elective and half
appointive
4. Organization of towns and provincial
governments
5. Protection of civil rights of the Filipinos
SECOND PHILIPPINE
COMMISSION
-to help carry out the recommendations of
the Schurman Commission
-created on March 16, 1900
-known as the Taft Commission headed by
Judge William Howard Taft
-came to establish a civil government and
to train the Filipinos for self-government
-the commission was guided by an
instruction issued by Pres. McKinley on
April 7, 1900 which states that, “the
government established in the Phils
is designed not for their selfish
satisfaction but for the happiness,
peace and prosperity of the people of
the Phils”
-arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900
ACHIEVEMENTS
-it set aside $1m for building and repairing
of roads and bridges
-organization of bureaus
-established a civil service system
-created the Phil Constabulary
-organized the public school sysytem
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
CIVIL GOVERNMENT
-it came by virtue of the Army Appropriation
Act enacted by the US Congress on March 2,
1901
-this law carried an amendment authored by US
Senator John Spooner
-the Spooner amendment removed from the US
President the final authority to govern the
Phils.
-inaugurated on July 4, 1901 with Taft as the first
civil governor
-Taft made his best to promote the welfare of
the Filipinos. He issued a policy “the Phils is for
the Filipinos ” which made him popular to the
Filipinos but it angered the Americans who
wanted to exploit the country.
-he laid down the foundations of a stable and
democratic government
-his greatest achievement was the purchase of
410,000 acres of lands which he resold to
landless Filipino tenants
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
-came by virtue of the Cooper Act passed
on July 1, 1902 which was sponsored by
US rep. Henry A. Cooper
-the first organic law for the country passed
by the US Congress
PROVISIONS
1. A bill of rights for the Filipinos
2. The appointment of two resident
commissioners to the US Congress
without voting rights
3. The establishment of a Phil Assembly to
be elected by the Filipinos which would
be the lower house of the legislature
while the Phil Commission would be the
upper house
4. Executive power would be exercise by
the civil governor
5. Conservation of the country’s natural
resources for the Filipinos
THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
-elections of the members was held on July
30, 1907
-formally inaugurated on October 16, 1907
at the Manila Grand Opera House
-Sergio Osmena was elected speaker and
Manuel L. Quezon as the Majority Floor
Leader
GABALDON ACT:
-the first act enacted by the Assembly
which appropriated P1M for the
establishment of barrio schools
RESIDENT COMMISSIONERS
PABLO OCAMPO AND BENITO LEGARDA:
-the first resident commissioners

MANUEL L. QUEZON:
-one of the best resident commissioners
who acquired fame in America for his
eloquence and brilliance
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL
PARTIES
-during the first few years of American rule,
it was the policy of America to suppress
Filipino nationalism
-laws were passed by the Phil. Commission
making it a crime for Filipinos to advocate
independence
FLAG LAW:
- A law banning the display of the Filipino
flag
SEDITION LAW:
-a law prohibiting the Filipinos to write or
speak in defense of independence
FEDERAL PARTY
-the first pro-American party founded by
Filipinos headed by Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera (Dec 1900). Later named to
Progressive Party due to its wide non-
acceptance of Filipinos for its pro-
American policies.
NACIONALISTA PARTY
-formed out of a union in March 1907 of two
nationalist parties, the Immediate
Independence Party and the Nationalist
Union. Osmena and Quezon were the
leading members. Felipe Agoncillo and
Rafael Palma were among the prominent
leaders.
FILIPINIZATION OF THE
GOVERNMENT
-America made it its policy to appoint
qualified Filipinos to government positions
CAYETANO ARELLANO: named chief justice of SC
FLORENTINO TORRES: first attorney-general
GREGORIO ARANETA: named secretary of
Finance and Justice, the first Filipino to
head an executive department
-by 1903, there were more Americans
(2,777) than Filipinos (2,697)
-by 1904, Filipinos were 3,377 and 3,228
Americans
-by 1921, there were 614 Americans and
13,240 Filipinos
-in the local governments, all were
occupied by Filipinos
FRANCIS B. HARRISON:
-appointed as US governor-general to the
Phils by Pres. Woodrow Wilson when he
won as President in America in 1912.
-the longest-tenured governor-general of
the Phils.
JONES LAW
-signed by US Pres. Wilson on August 29,
1916
-known as the Phil Autonomy Act which was
sponsored by US Rep. William Atkinson
Jones
SIGNIFICANCE
1. It contained America’s promise to give
independence to the Phils. “as soon as a
stable government can be established ”
2. The law gave the Filipinos greater
participation in the government
-virtually a constitution for the Phils
-it defined the structure of government, the
powers and duties of officials and
provided a bill of rights for the Filipinos
-the executive power was vested in a governor-
general, an American who was appointed by the
US Pres with then consent of the US Congress who
is assisted by a Cabinet whom he appointed with
the consent of the Phil. Senate
-the legislative power was vested in the Filipinos
-the judicial power was vested in a Supreme Court
composed of a Chief Justice (Filipino)and
associate Justice (Fil & Americans). Members were
appointed by the US President with the consent of
the US Senate
-on October 3, 1916, elections were held for
the new legislature
-the new legislature was inaugurated on
October 16, 1916
-Sergio Osmena was elected speaker and
Manuel Quezon became the Senate
President
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
PROGRESS
 EDUCATION:
-the Americans made education as atop
priority and propagate their language.
-the American soldiers were the first English
teachers of the Filipinos.
ACT # 74:
-enacted by the Taft Commission in January
1901 establishing the public school system.
-it provided for free primary education and
the establishment of a school to train
Filipino teachers
-it required the teaching of English
-it abolished compulsory religious instruction
THOMASITES:
-the first group of 600 teachers from the US who
arrived in Manila on August 23, 1901 on board
the transport ship Thomas.

FILIPINOS PENSIONADOS:
-Filipino students who were given opportunities
to study higher education in America and
financed by the Phil government.
 SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY:
-a Protestant university founded in Negros
Oriental in 1901
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY:
-founded by Librada Avelino in 1907
 PHIL WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY:
-founded by Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.
 PROTESTANISM:
-SECTS:
-Presbyterians (1899)
-Baptists (1900)
-Disciples of Christ (1901)
-Seventh Day Adventists (1905)
-Methodist Episcopalians (1908)
 AGLIPAYAN CHURCH:
-established in Manila on August 3, 1902
ISABELO DELOS REYES:
-founder and a labor leader
-founded the Democratic Labor Union in
July 1901 which was the first labor union in
the Phils.
 GREGORIO AGLIPAY:
-a Catholic priest, as the new Supreme
Bishop
-named by Aguinaldo as Military Vicar
General of the Revolutionary Army
ECONOMIC AND OTHER
IMPROVEMENTS
 1903:
- the first motor vehicle from America
 1911:
-the first airplane was introduced in the Phils.
AMERICAN CULTURAL
INFLUENCE
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
-one of America’s greatest contribution.
-AMERICAN SOLDIER
-THE MANILA TIMES
-the first newspapers
THE MANILA DAILY BULLETIN (1900)
THE CABLENEWS (1902)
CABLENEWS-AMERICANS (1907)
PHIL. FREE PRESS (1907)
 THE INDEPENDENT (1915):
-founded by Vicente Sotto which was the
first weekly newspaper
 PHIL HERALD (1920):
-the first Filipino daily newspaper
 THE TRIBUNE (1925):
-founded by Alejandro Roces Sr. Which
became one of the most popular English
language newspaper in the Phils.
THE PEACEFUL
STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPENDENCE
 TheFilipinos never ceased to aspire for
eventual independence. They
continued their struggle to regain their
independence and resorted to peaceful
means to achieve their dream.
 EARLY EFFORTS:
-the Filipinos agitated for independence
during the first few years of the
Americans.
-this worried the American authorities
-consequently, the Phil. Commission
enacted the two controversial laws-the
Sedition and the Flag law.
-despite these laws, the Filipino nationalist
continued to advocate independence.
-in the halls of the Phil. Assembly, Filipino
legislators call for independence
-similar pleas were aired by Filipino resident
commissioners in the US
 MARCH 17, 1919:
-the Phil Legislature passed a resolution
expressing the feeling of the Filipinos that
the time had come for the US to grant Phil
independence.
-Governor-general Francis B. Harrison,
sympathetic to the Filipino cause, issued
an official certification that a stable
government already existed in the Phils.
 WOOD-FORBES MISSION:
-President Harding, when he won as
American President in 1920, sent a special
mission to the Phils to verify the political
situation here.
-composed of Gen. Leonard Wood and
Gov. Gen W. Cameron Forbes.
-stayed in the Phils for four months.
-in October 1921, the mission submitted its
report to the President saying that the
Filipinos were not ready for independence
-a similar mission was sent to the Phils in
1926, sent by President Calvin Coolidge
and headed by Col. Carmi A. Thompson
who recommended the same with that of
the Wood-Forbes mission.
INDEPENDENCE MISSIONS
 1919 (QUEZON MISSION):
-the first mission sent by the Phil legislature
composed of 40 members headed by
Manuel L Quezon which failed.
 1922 (QUEZON AND OSMENA MISSION):
-the second mission jointly headed by
Quezon and Osmena. Its task was to
counter act the report of the Wood-
Forbes mission
 1923 (ROXAS MISSION):
-the third mission headed by Manuel A.
Roxas was dispatched to the US which
again was a failure
 1927 (QUEZON MISSION):
-another mission was sent headed by
Quezon to counter act the reports of the
Thompson mission and was a failure.
 1931 (OSROX MISSION):
-the OSROX mission was sent to the US
following the victory of the Democratic
Party to work for the passage of
independence law which was supported
by US Sen. Harry B. Hawes who came in
Manila in 1931 to make a survey of the
existing condition in the country and later
filed an independence bill with US Rep.
Hare and US Sen. Cutting as co-sponsor
-the bill was approved in December 1932
and came to be known as the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act.
-before the law could take effect, it had to
be approved by the Phil legislature.
-the passage of the law splitted the Filipino
people. The antis with Quezon and Pros
with Osrox.
-Quezon objected the Act for 3 reasons:
-trade relations
-immigration provision
-US military retention
-Quezon emerged victorious and the Phil
legislature rejected the act.
 1934 (QUEZON MISSION):
-Quezon went to US to work for another
independence law. The US Congress
enacted another law sponsored by Sen.
Millard Tydings and Rep. John McDuffie
which was signed into law by President
Franklin D Roosevelt on March 24, 1934.
-the law came to be known as the Tydings-
McDuffie Act which provided for the
establishment of a Commonwealth of the
Phils which would govern the Phils for a
transition period of 10 years after which,
on July 4, 1946, the US would proclaim the
independence of the Phils.
-the Act called for a constitutional
convention that would frame a
constitution for the Phils to establish a
republican form of government,
containing a bill of rights and ratified by
the Filipinos in a plebiscite and approved
by the US President.
 CHAPTER 13:
THE
COMMONWEALTH OF
THE PHILIPPINES
The enactment of the Tydings-McDuffie Act
was the culmination of the peaceful
struggle of the Filipinos to regain their
independence.
THE FRAMING OF A PHIL.
CONSTITUTION
 In compliance with the act, a
constitutional convention was called to
frame a constitution for the Philippine
Commonwealth. Elections for the
delegates were held on July 10, 1934. A
total of 202 delegates were elected
which held its inaugural session in Manila
on July 30, 1934. Claro M. Recto was
elected as its president.
 SEVEN WISE MEN:
 A subcommittee of seven headed by
Felimon Sotto drafted the constitution
which the draft finished on October 20,
1934. The debates ended on January 31,
1935. On February 8, 1935, the constitution
was approved by the convention by a
vote of 177-1 with Thomas Cabili of Lanao,
the lone dissenting vote.
 The formal signing of the constitution was
held on February 19, 1935 after which
Pres. Roosevelt signed it on March 23,
1935. The constitution was ratified by the
Filipinos in a plebiscite on May 14, 1935.
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION
A constitution not only for the
commonwealth but also for the future
republic of the Phils.
 It established a republican form of
government.
 The executive power was vested in the
President who would be elected directly
by the people to serve for a term of six
years.
 The legislative was vested in a unicameral
National Assembly whose members would
be elected by the people.
 The judicial power was vested in the
Supreme Court.
 It defined who are Filipino citizens and a
bill of rights.
THE BIRTH OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 Inthe national elections of September 17,
1935, Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
Osmena won as president and vice
president respectively.
 The commonwealth was inaugurated in
Manila on November 15, 1935.
 During the ceremonies, Chief Justice
Ramon Avancena swore into office
Quezon and Osmena
 Secretary of war, George Dern, formally
proclaimed the existence of the
commonwealth of the Philippines and the
termination of the Philippines under the
Jones law.
WOMEN SUFFRAGE
 Gov. gen. Frank Murphy signed into law a
bill granting Filipino women the right to
vote.
 The women voted for the first time on may
14, 1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935
constitution.
 Filipino women entered politics and ran
for public office.
 CARMEN PLANAS:
-first woman councilor of Manila
 ELISA OCHOA:
-first woman to be elected member of the
Congress
AMENDMENTS TO THE
CONSTITUTION
 OCTOBER 24, 1939:
-amendment to the economic provisions
 JUNE 18, 1940:
-a change in the term of office of the President
and the Vice President from 6 years to 4 years
with reelection for another term.
-the establishment of A Congress composed of
2 houses to replace the unicameral National
Assembly.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF
1941
 The first national election under the
amended constitution was held on
November 11, 1941.
 Quezon and Osmena were reelected
who were inaugurated on December 30,
1941.
 CHAPTER 14:
THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
The Japanese invaded the
Phils. shortly after the 6th year
of the Commonwealth and
governed the country for 3 1/2
years. The Commonwealth
fled in exile to the US.
THE ROAD TO WAR
-In1930, Adolf Hitler wanted to enlarge
Germany. He sent German troops to the
Rhineland in 1936. He annexed Austria in
1938 and got half of Czechoslovakia.

-In Asia, Japan attacked and conquered

Manchuria in 1931 and by 1938 she
captured most cities of China.
-In1940, Germany, Japan and Italy signed
a Tripartite pact to formally become
allies which came to be known as the
Axis Powers.

-World war 11 actually begun in Europe

on September 01, 1939 when Adolf Hitler
invaded Poland. Great Britain and
France had promised to defend Poland
declared war with Germany.
- In Asia, the Japanese
attacked and invaded China
which cause some tension
between Japan and the US.

- In 1939, the US terminated its

trade agreements with Japan.
-When the Japanese forces occupied
French-Indo-China in July 1941, the
Americans reacted by imposing an
oil embargo on Japan and freezing
all Japanese assets in the US and
demanded that Japan withdraw her
forces from China and Indo-China.
-Japan decided to go to war against US and Great
Britain.
WAR PREPARATIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
-As tension rose between Japan and US, military
preparations for the Phils. were intensified.

-The US sent additional troop reinforcements to the

Phils.

-The Commonwealth Armed Forces were

incorporated to the newly created United States
Armed Force in the Far East (USAFFE) under the
command of Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur who had
been recalled to active military duty
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR
-The Japanese launched a surprise air attack at the
US naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in the
morning of December 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor was
the headquarter and main base of the US in the
Pacific Fleet.

-The US suffered heavy loses, 2 battleships, 2

destroyers sunk, 6 battleships, 3 cruisers and 1
destroyer damaged, 188 army and 1 navy planes
destroyed, 261 others damaged, 2335 American
soldiers, sailors and airmen killed and 1043 others
wounded.
 -On December 8, 1941, Pres. Roosevelt
appeared before the US Congress to ask
for a declaration of war against Japan
describing December 7, 1941 a date
which will live in infamy.
 December 11, 1941: Germany and Italy
declared war on US
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
 On December 8, 1941, Japanese planes
bombed Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba, Tarlac
and Pampanga where the US had military
bases.
 On December 9, Manila was bombed.
 CAPT. JESUS VILLAMOR:
-the first Filipino hero of WW2 of the Army Air
Corps.
-he led a flight of pursuit planes in engaging
Japanese planes.
-he shot down one Japanese plane
-he was awarded the Distinguished Service
Cross.
DEFENSE OF BATAAN AND
CORREGIDOR
 The Filipino-American forces had to
retreat to Bataan. Manila was declared
an open city to save it from further
attacks. On January 2, 1942, the
Japanese entered the city. President
Quezon and his cabinet had evacuated
to Corregidor Island.
 The defenders of Bataan had surrendered
to the Japanese on April 9, 1942.
 Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942. Its
surrender signaled the end of organized
Fil-American resistance to the Japanese.
 The 76,000 Filipino and American soldiers who
surrendered in Bataan underwent a terrible
ordeal. They were forced by the Japanese to
march from Mariveles, Bataan to Capas,
Tarlac, a distance of 100 kilometers under the
broiling sun with little or no food and water.
This came to be known as the “Bataan Death
March” for which Lt. Gen Masaharu Homma,
Commander of the Japanese Imperial Forces
was found guilty of war crimes and was
sentenced to death by hanging.
ESCAPE OF QUEZON AND MAC
ARTHUR
 PresidentQuezon was urged by President
Roosevelt to flee to the US. The US felt that
if Quezon were captured, the Japanese
would use him to rally the Filipinos behind
Japan.
 Quezon and his family left Corregidor by
submarine on February 20, 1942 and
reached Australia safely.
 Gen. Mac Arthur was ordered by Pres.
Roosevelt to leave the Phils and proceed to
Australia to take command of American
forces in the Southeast Pacific.
 Mac Arthur left Corregidor on March 11, 1942
and arrived in Australia a week later.
 Upon his arrival in Australia, Gen. Mac Arthur
made a stirring promise to the Filipinos “I
came through and I shall return”.
ESTABLISHMENT OF JAPANESE
RULE
 On January 3, 1942, Lt Gen. Masaharu
Homma issued a proclamation declaring
that US sovereignty over the Phils had
completely disappeared. He announced
the establishment of martial law under a
Japanese Military Administration.
A “letter of response” was signed by 32
Filipinos and sent to the Japanese high
Command. In the letter, the signatories
stated that they would obey the orders of
Japanese for the maintenance of peace
and order and the promotion of the well
being of our people.
 JOSE ABAD SANTOS:
-the chief justice of the supreme court who
refused to collaborate with the Japanese.
Captured in Cebu and was executed by
the Japanese on May 2, 1942.
 THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE
COMMISSION:
-it acted as a temporary government with
Jorge B. Vargas as the chairman and Jose
Yulo as the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court.
EFFORTS TO WIN FILIPINO LOYALTY
 Reasons for the failure of the move:
1. The Filipinos already had a definite
promise of independence from the US.
2. The Japanese treated the Filipinos
harshly.
-some Filipino women were forcibly made
into “comfort women” to serve the
sexual needs of the Japanese soldiers.
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 PREPARATORY COMMISSION
FOR PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE:
-headed by Jose P. Laurel which was
tasked of framing a constitution for an
independent Philippines.
-the Philippine constitution was finished
and signed by the KALIBAPI on
September 7, 1943.
THE 1943 CONSTITUTION
 Ratifiedby the 117 members of the
KALIBAPI which elected Jose P. Laurel as
the President and Benigno S. Aquino as
the Speaker.
BIRTH OF THE 2ND REPUBLIC
OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Inaugurated on October 14, 1943.
 CHAPTER 15:
RESTORATION OF
FREEDOM: BIRTH OF
THE THIRD REPUBLIC
OF THE PHILIPPINES
LAST YEAR OF THE
COMMONWEALTH
 JUNE 6, 1945:
-first session of the Philippine Congress
where Roxas was elected Senate
President and Jose Zulueta as House
Speaker.
-the day when it called for the national
election on April 23, 1946.
 Nacionalista party splits into Liberal party
with Roxas and Quirino who emerged
victorious and Nacionalista with Osmena
and Amang Rodriguez.
 This election was one of the cleanest and
honest election in the history of the
country.
 Osmena was a gentleman who did not
use his office, he graciously congratulated
Roxas as the victor.

 ROXAS:
-inaugurated as the last President of the
Commonwealth on may 28, 1946 who
was sworn into office by Chief justice
Manuel V. Moran.
COLLABORATION ISSUE
 One of the most controversial issues that had
to do with the Filipinos who served under the
Japanese sponsored government.
 Some of the collaborators were Laurel, Yulo,
recto, Aquino, Sison, Alunan, and Vargas.
 According to the collaborators, they
collaborated with the Japanese to protect
the Filipinos from a worse fate.
 SEPTEMBER 25, 1945:
-Osmena created a people’s Court to try
the collaboration issue
 LORENZO TANADA:
-named Solicitor-General who would
prosecute the collaborators
 TEOFILO SISON:
-first to be tried and sentenced to life
imprisonment..
 JANUARY 28, 1948:
-Roxas proclaimed an amnesty which
ended the collaboration issue
BIRTH OF THE 3RD
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 JULY 04, 1946:
-inaugurated an independent republic of
the Philippines at Luneta.
-the visitors were Mac Arthur as the
commander of the Allied Powers in
Japan, Willard Tydings, the co-sponsor of
the independence law, Francis B.
Harrison,, the most beloved American
governor general.
 PAUL V. MC NUTT:
-read the proclamation of US President
Harry S. Truman withdrawing America’s
sovereignty over the Philippines and
recognizing the Philippines as an
independent nation.
 Mc Nutt lowered the American flag while
Roxas raised the Philippine flag.
 Roxas took his oath as first President of the
3rd republic.
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
 BELL TRADE RELATIONS ACT: (CONG. C.
JASPER BELL):
-passed by the US Congress on April 30, 1946
which provided for the free trade between
the Philippines and US up to 1954.
 PHIL. REHABILITATION ACT (US SEN
TYDINGS):
-appropriated $620M to be paid to Filipinos who
suffered war damage.
 The enactment of these laws provided
one condition by the US that the Phils
grant parity rights to Americans ((equal
rights with the Filipinos to develop and
exploit the natural resources of the Phils
and to operate public utilities here.)
COMMUNIST PROBLEMS
 HUKBALAHAP (hukbo ng bayan laban
sa hapon)
-a communist guerilla army to fight the
Japanese
-composed of peasants and farmers in
Central Luzon headed by Luis M. Taruc.
Later, renamed to Hukbong Magpapalya
ng Bayan (HMB)
 BENIGNO S. AQUINO JR:
-Magsaysay personal emissary to Luis Taruc
FOREIGN RELATIONS
 Roxas established the foreign relations of
the Phils which was pro-Americans.

 PHILS AND THE U.N.

 CARLOS P. ROMULO:
 -elected President of the 4th session of the
U.N. General Assembly in Sept. 1949.
 -the first Asian to achieve the honor.
IRRITANTS IN THE RP-US
RELATIONS
 MILITARYBASES AGREEMENTS:
 -signed on March 14, 1947 which allows
the US to establish, maintain and operate
an air and naval bases in the country.

 RP-USMUTUAL DEFENSE PACT:

 -signed on August 30, 1951 which
provided that US would come to aid of
the Phils if attacked by another country.
REGIONAL COOPERATION
 The Phils joined a number of regional
organizations.
 SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization):
 -established on Sept 04, 1954 in Manila as
an anti-communist military alliance in
Southeast Asia.
 ASA (Association of Southeast Asia):
 -established in 1961, July.
 MAPHILINDO
 -established in 1963
 ASEAN:
 -most successful organization which was
founded on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok,
Thailand intended to promote peace,
and prosperity in the region and to foster
close economic, social and cultural
cooperation among its members.
PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 MANUEL ROXAS:
-his administration concerned itself with the
task of rehabilitating the war ravaged
country.
-died on April 15, 1948 while visiting US Clark
Air Force Base in Pampanga of heart
attack.
 ELPIDIO QUIRINO:
-saddled by serious problem of
Huk rebellion.
-adopted a Total Economic
Mobilization Policy to develop
the trade and industries of the
country.
 RAMON MAGSAYSAY:
-one of the most loved leaders of the republic.
-his popularity was due to the sincere attention
and care he showed to the common people.
-his administration successfully culminated the
signing of the Laurel-Langley Trade
Agreement of 1956.
-killed on plane crash in Cebu on March
17,1957.
 CARLOS GARCIA:
-he adopted a Filipino First Policy
to foster a greater Filipino role
in business.
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL:
-enacted the land reform law to benefit the
poor people.
-he moved the Phil. Independence day
celebration from July 4 to June 12.
-encouraged the use of Filipino in
government documents such as passports
and stamps and names of typhoons.
-formally presented claim over Sabah.
 MARCOS (Chapter 16):
 AQUINO:
-took her oath of office as the head of a
revolutionary government on February 25,
1986.
-first woman president and assume power
by virtue of a revolution.
 RAMOS: ( later Chapter)
 ESTRADA:
-served for only 31 months
-overthrown in a bloodless people power
revolution on January 20, 2001.
 CHAPTER 16:
THE
PHILIPPINES
UNDER
AUTHORITARIAN
RULE
THE RISE OF MARCOS
 Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, ob
September 11, 1917
 A son of a politician
 His political career began with his
election to the House in 1949 as a
Congressman
 Elected to the Senate in 1959, became Senate
President in 1963
 In 1965, he defeated Macapagal and became the
6th President with Fernando Lopez as his Vice
President
MARCOS FIRST TERM
(1965-1969)
 Marcos spent his first term trying
to make good because he
wanted to be re-elected in 1969
 He tried to stabilize the finances
of the country
 He built infrastructure projects
 He improved the country’s food
production
 To finance these projects, he
borrowed heavily from abroad- the
start of the nation’s foreign debts.
 In October 1966, he hosted the 7-
nation summit conference on the
crisis of South Vietnam
 In 1967 senatorial elections, Benigno
Aquino Jr. was the only opposition
who won.
MARCOS SECOND TERM
(1969-1972)
He was re-elected in
November 1969 with Lopez
He achieved the political
distinction of being the first
President of the Republic to be
re-elected
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS
 FRAMING OF A NEW CONSTITUTION
-the Philippine Congress called for a
constitutional convention for the
election of the delegates on November
10, 1970
-Carlos P. Garcia was elected President
on June 1, 1971 of the convention but
died a few days later and was
succeeded by Diosdado Macapagal
FIRST PAPAL VISIT
-on November 27, 1970, Pope
Paul VI made a historic visit to
the Philippines. The first time
that the reigning Pope had
visited the only Christian nation
in Asia.
 THE PEAK OF STUDENT ACTIVISM
-students went out into the streets in Manila
and other urban centers to air their
grievances on the existing conditions.
-they denounced the wide spread graft
and corruption, the prevailing social
injustices, high tuition fees, growing
militarization, abuses of military and
police, presence of US military bases
-among the prominent student
leaders were Nilo Tayag and
Edgar Japson
 THE NEW PEOPLES ARMY RISE
 RISE OF LAWLESS VIOLENCE

-the bloodiest bombing was the

political rally of the Liberal Party
at the Plaza Miranda on August
1, 1971
ELECTION OF 1971
-the last elections under the 1935
Constitution were held on
November 8, 1971
The topnotcher was Sen. Jovito
Salonga of the LP
THE MARCOS DICTATORSHIP
On September 21, 1972,
Marcos declared martial law
The beginning of Marcos
dictatorship and the death of
Philippine democracy
WHY MARTIAL LAW
 PROCLAMATION 1081
-signed on September 21, 1972
by Marcos which placed the
entire Philippines under martial
law and announced only to
the nation on September 23,
1972
-the acts of violence that Marcos
spoke as basis for the proclamation
included the ambush in San Juan of
the car of Juan Ponce Enrile which
was later revealed by Enrile after 14
years was faked.
-the real reason why Marcos declared
it was to perpetuate himself in power
THE RISE OF MARCOS
DICTATORSHIP
Marcos based his actions on
Article VII Section 10 of the
1935 Constitution; in case of
rebellion, invasion or
insurrection, or imminent
danger thereof, when the
public safety requires it.
He abolished Congress and
took over its legislative powers
He described his government
as a “constitutional
authoritarianism”
ONE MAN RULE: DEATH
OF DEMOCRACY
Under martial law, Marcos
assumed all the powers of
government
He ignored the courts and
disregarded the civil and
human rights
 The critics of Marcos were arrested
and detained:
-Benigno Aquino Jr -Max Soliven
-Soc Rodrigo -Amando
Doronila
-Jose Diokno -Louie Beltran
-Jovito Salonga -Joaquin Roces-
owner of the Manila Times was
detained
Marcos also suppressed the
freedom of the press. He closed
all radio and television stations
and newspapers.
PEACE AND ORDER
UNDER MARTIAL LAW
 The imposition of curfew
 Nationwide campaign to collect
loose firearms
 Waging of a vigorous anti-drug
campaign
 Dismantling of private armies of
political warlords
 Banning of all public gatherings and
rallies
GROWTH OF COMMUNIST
INSURGENCY PROBLEM
 The NPA grew into heavily armed
guerillas
 They waged a vigorous battle
against the government
SPARROW UNITS:
-the killer squad of the NPA
CHDF:
-organized in threatened areas of the
country
 JOSE MARIA SISON:
- Alleged founder of the CPP-NPA
BERNABE BUSCAYNO:
-npa chief
VICTOR CORPUZ:
-a renegade former PC LT who
joined the NPA
 REASONS OF THE GROWTH:
-continuing poverty
-abuses committed by the AFP
-injustices committed by
government officials
-rampant violation of human rights
FR. CONRADO BALWEG:
-A priest who joined the NPA
MUSLIM SECCESSIONIST
MOVEMENT IN
MINDANAO
MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION
FRONT:
-founded by Nur Misuari which
aimed to separate Mindanao
from the country into an
independent Bangsa Moro
Republic
TRIPOLI AGREEMENT:
-an agreement signed between
Marcos and MNLF to end the
fighting. It was signed on
December 23, 1976 in Tripoli,
Libya
 PD 824:
-established the Metropolitan
Manila Commission which was a
special type of local government
which was headed a governor.
IMELDA MARCOS was the first and
only governor of the MMC
ADOPTION OF A NEW
CONSTITUTION
The constitutional convention
began its work in June 1971. on
November 30, 1972, the
delegates finally signed the
draft.
 On January 17, 1973, Marcos
issued proclamation no. 1102
declaring the new constitution in
full force and effect. This came to
be known as the 1973 constitution
 The 1973 constitution was ratified
by barrio assemblies by simply
raising of hands.
THE 1973 CONSTITUTION
The constitution made Marcos
a virtual dictator. It gave him all
the powers of the President
under the 1935 constitution and
the powers of a President and
a Prime Minister under the 1973
constitution.
Marcos did not convene the
Interim National Assembly
The 1973 constitution has 17
articles and created an anti-
graft court called
Sandiganbayan
AMENDMENTS
 The first nine amendments were
made in October 1976. it created
an Interim Batasang Pambansa
to replace the National Assembly
 In April 1981, the form of
government was changed from
parliamentary to semi-
parliamentary
 CESAR E. A. VIRATA:
-the first and only Prime Minister of Marcos.
APRIL 7, 1978:
-the first National election under martial law
with the election of the members of the
Interim Batasang Pambansa
JANUARY 30, 1980:
-the first local elections under martial law
KILUSANG BAGONG LIPUNAN
(KBL)
-a political movement who
supported Marcos. It was a
political party which
dominated all elections during
the Marcos era.
LAKAS NG BAYAN (LABAN)
-founded in 1978 by a group of
opposition politicians headed
by NINOY
PARTIDO DEMOKRATIKO NG
PILIPINAS (PDP)
 UNITEDNATIONALIST DEMOCRATIC
ORGANIZATION (UNIDO)
-a group of small political groups which
united themselves headed by Salvador H.
Laurel
SOCIAL CHANGES
LAND REFORM PROGRAM
-Marcos issued PD 27 on
October 21, 1972 declaring the
landless rice and corn farmers
owners of the land they were
tilling.
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS:
-emphasis was placed on the
development of vocational
and technical skills
-NCEE and YCAP were
implemented
GREATER ROLE OF THE
YOUTH:
-the Kabataang Barangay was
organized by virtue of PD 884
issued by Marcos on April 15,
1975
 IMPROVING SOCIAL SERVICES
- A ministry of human settlements
was created in 1978 headed
by Imelda Marcos which was a
low-cost housing, livelihood
projects
KILUSANG KABUHAYAN AT
KAUNLARAN (KKK)
-an economic program aimed
at promoting and encouraging
barangay residents to engage
in their own livelihood projects.
THE LIFTING OF MARTIAL LAW
 On January 17, 1981, Marcos issued
Proclamation No. 2045 lifting martial
law in the Philippines. It lasted for 8
years, 3 months and 26 days.
 On June 16, 1981, Marcos called for
the national election.
 On June 30, 1981, Marcos took his
oath of office at Luneta Park for a 6-
year term ending in 1987
 on February 17-22, 1981, Pope
John Paul II visited the Philippines
which was highlighted by the
beautification of the 16 Christian
martyrs which included Lorenzo
Ruiz, the first Filipino candidate
for Catholic sainthood.
THE AQUINO ASSASSINATION
-Marcos released NINOY to enable him
to undergo an emergency heart by-
pass operation in the US in 1980.
In 1983, NINOY decided to come home
despite the advice to postpone his
return. Using a fake passport, he was
able to fly back to the Philippines
boarded the China Airlines and
landed at NAIA at about 1:00 pm on
August 21, 1983.
 As he was going down the
stairway, a shot rang out followed
by more shots. Aquino lay down
dead on the airport tarmac.
Nearby, lay the lifeless body of
Rolando Galman, Aquino’s
alleged assassin.
 ATOM: august twenty one movement
 JAJA: justice for Aquino, justice for all
 BAYAN: bagong alyansang makabayan
INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL
 On October 14, 1983, Marcos
issued PD 1886 creating a 5-man
independent body to investigate
the Aquino assassination headed
by retired CA justice Corazon
Juliano Agrava which was known
as the Agrava Fact Finding Board
(AFFB)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
NINOY ASSASSINATION
 It marked the beginning of the
end of the Marcos dictatorship.
 On August 31, 1983, the greatest
funeral ever witnessed in the
history
 “Ituloy and laban ni Ninoy” was
the battle cry of anti-Marcos
demonstrations
 After a year of daily public
hearing, the AFFB came out with
its findings:
 -*the Aquino assassination was
planned and carried out by the
military not the communist;
 -*soldiers, not Galman killed
Aquino
Mrs. Agrava submitted a
separate report saying that
only 7 military men headed by
Gen. Luther Custodio were
involved. Other identified were
Fabian C. Ver, Gen. Prospero
Olivas and Gen Custodio.
CALLING OF A SNAP
ELECTION
 In November 1985, Marcos announced a
snap presidential election which was
scheduled on February 7, 1986.
 The assassination of Ninoy forced a shy,
unassuming and deeply religious woman
into the limelight, his widow- CORAZON C.
AQUINO
 The campaign period was from
December 11, 1985-February 5, 1986.
 Yellow was the symbol of Cory; red
for Marcos
 Tama na, sobra na was the battle cry
of Cory; Marcos pa rin was for
Marcos
 L for Cory; V for Marcos
THE PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTIONS OF 1986
The most controversial and
confusing election
The most internationally
publicized election
The most fraudulent election
 On February 15, 1986, the Batasang
Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and Tolentino
as winners.
 On February 25, 1986, the Marcos came to an
end. The US had completely abandoned him.
In his last telephone call to President Reagan,
he was advised by close political adviser, US
Sen. Paul Laxalt “to cut and cut it clean”
meaning that Marcos should now quit.
 Before Marcos left Malacanang, he
was sworn into office by Chief Justice
Ramos Aquino.
 On February 22, 1986, Enrile and
Ramos dramatically announced at a
press conference in Camp
Aguinaldo that they were breaking
away from Marcos dictatorship and
threw support to Cory.
 Cory took her oath of office at
Club Filipino in San Juan by
Associate Justice Claudio
Teehankee.
 In the evening of February 25,
1986, 4 US helicopters lifted
Marcos off from Malacanang
and flew to Clark Air Force Base
in Pampanga to Hawaii.
On the evening of the same
day, Enrile appealed to
Cardinal Sin for help. Sin
broadcast an appeal over
Radio Veritas for t5he people
to go to EDSA to support the
military rebels.
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
OF 1986
-while the anti-Marcos
sentiment in the country was
growing, a group of young
officers of the AFP were making
a plan to overthrow Marcos.
REFORM THE ARMED FORCES
MOVEMENT (RAM)

A group of PMA graduates

which aimed to reform the AFP.
It planned to stage a coup d’
etat headed by Honasan,
Enrile’s chief security officer
 CHAPTER 17::
THE RESTORATION
OF DEMOCRACY
ESTABLISHMENT OF A
REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT
Aquino established a
revolutionary government
following the collapsed of
Marcos which was a provisional
and transition government and
was described as a temporary
government
THE FREEDOM CONSTITUTION
Aquino issued Proclamation
No. 3, adopting a temporary
constitution for the Philippines
which took effect on March 25,
1986.
FRAMING A NEW
CONSTITUTION
 PROCLAMATION NO. 9:
 -issued by Cory in April 1986
creating a constitutional
commission to draft a new
constitution.
 On May 26, 1986, Aquino
appointed 48 men and women
to form the CONCOM.
 The CONCOM formally opened
its session on June 2, 1986. The
body was headed by Cecilia
Munoz Palma.
 LINO BROCKA:
 -a concom member who walked
out, never returned and resigned.
 The Concom completed its work and
approved the draft on October 12, 1986
by a vote of 45-2 with Jaime Tadeo and
Jose Suarez with the dissenting vote.