MOTION, ENERGY,

AND POWER
TRANSFORMER
NAME OF GROUP 4 :
1. BERLIYA ELSA APRIJUMITA 02311940005004
2. VARISA RAHMAWATI 02311940005005
3. DENNY ALFANI 02311940005012
4. DIAH ULFA JUNIARSYAH 02311940005013
5. M. RIZKY CAHYA ANDHIKA 02311940005018
6. JEFFRY ABDULLAH 02311940005020
7. ELLEN WULAN SARASWATI 02311940005021
8. SULAIMAN ALI 02311940005037
9. ANDIAWAN MAHENDRA P. 02311940005038
 PREFERENCE

Numerous motion, energy, and power transformer are found in mechanical systems. We will discuss only
mechanical motion transformers and mechanical-to-mechanical energy and power transformers here.

SCOTCH
A BLOCK AND A CHAIN
YOKE LEVER GEAR TRAIN
TACKLE HOIST
SYSTEM
 SCOTCH
YOKE
Scotch yoke mechanism, which produces a sinusoidal motion at the
output from a crank rotating at a constant speed. A motion
transformer, this device is used as a motion source in mechanical
systems. This motion source however can be converted into a force
source if it is connected to the load element through a soft spring, as
shown in figure below
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
SCOTCHYOKE MECHANISM
At Position A
initial position of connecting rod(#1 and #2)
At position B
Now the disc rotate together when the
connecting rod(#1) travel upward direction and
also connecting rod(#2) at upward direction.
At position C
The Disc rotates further both connecting rod #1
& #2 to get an Extreme upper position.
At position D
The disc rotate continuously, the position of C of
connecting rod #1 and #2 Start to come back
with downward for its initial position.
 LEVER
A lever is a device that transmits energy from one part of mechanical system to another. A simple lever system is
shown in picture below. The purpose of such a lever is to obtain a large mechanical advantage. The mechanical
advantage of a machine is defined as the ratio bertween the force exerted by the machine and the force put into
the machine.

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝒍𝟐
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = 𝒍𝟏
𝒎𝒈
Mechanical Advantage (MA) = since Fl2 = mgl1
𝑭

𝒎𝒈 𝒍𝟏
F= = mg
𝑴𝑨 𝒍𝟐
 LEVER
• Problem
Dalam sistem mekanis yang ditunjukkan, asumsikan
bahwa batang tidak bermassa, kaku sempurna, dan
diputar pada titik P. Perpindahan x diukur dari posisi
kesetimbangan. Dengan anggapan bahwa perpindahan x
kecil, berat mg pada ujung batang adalah 5 N, dan
konstanta pegas k adalah 400 N / m, temukan frekuensi
alami sistem.
• Solution
Pada perpindahan x persamaan keseimbangan torsi
pada sistem adalah
1
𝑚𝑥ሷ 2a = −k x a
atau 2
𝑘
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑥 = 0
4
1 𝑘 1 400
Frekuensi naturalnya adalah : 𝜔𝑛 = = 5 = 14.01 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 𝑚 2 9.81
BLOCK AND TACKLE
Block and tackle refers to a device in which a
heavy load is lifted by a comparatively small
force. Essentially, the device is used to move a
heavy load a short disctance by applying the
light load that moves a longer distance. Figure
below (a) shows a two-pulley hoist. We include
the weight of the pulleys and rope in the load
weight mg. Since F1 and F2 are force in the
same rope, they are equal , and so
𝒎𝒈
F1 = F2 =
𝟐
For figure (b)
𝒎𝒈
4F = mg F=
𝟒
a hollow cylindrical pulley like picture on the side, has a mass of 6 gram,
with a load of m1 = 2gram and m2 = 3 gram.
If friction between pulley and rope is ignored,
how much linear acceleration does the pulley produce?

Assumed : a) Slippery object

b) Hollow solid ball
σ 𝜏=I𝛼
-T1R+T2R = m𝑅2 a
R
(-m1 g+m2 g) R = m a
a=(-m1+m2)g
m
a=(-2 g+3 g)9,8
6g
a=1,63 m/s2
A body of weight mg(where m= 1000kg) is
pulled vertically upward by a hoist as shown in
figure 3-68. find the force necessary to move
the weight. How much power is needed to
move the weight at a speed of o.5 m/s?

The force needed move is

𝒎𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎
F1=F2 = = = 5.000 N
𝟐 𝟐
The power needed move is
𝟏 𝟏
E= 𝑚𝑣 2 = 1000𝑥0.52 = 125 J
𝟐 𝟐
 CHAIN HOIST
Figure below shows a chain hoist, a device that
differs from block and tackle in that the chain is
continous. Use of a differential pulley provides a
large mechanical advantage. Two upper pulley
are different diameters but fastened to the
same shaft and same angle. Chain a is pulled.
Chain a winds up the large pulley of radius R,
chain b unwinds from the small pulley of radius
r.
𝟏
FRθ = 𝐦𝐠θ (𝑹 − 𝒓)
𝟐

The mechanical advantages is

𝒎𝒈 𝟐𝑹
MA = =
𝑭 𝑹−𝒓
 EXAMPLE
Consider the chain hoist shown in Figure and assume that the two upper
pulleys have radii of 0.4 m and 0.38 m, respectively. What is the
mechanical advantage? Also find the pulling force required to lift a body
of mass 100 kg.

The mechanical advantage is

2𝑅 2 × 0.4
𝑀𝐴 = = = 40
𝑅−𝑟 0.4 − 0.38
The Pulling force F is
𝑚𝑔 100 × 9.81 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝐹= = = 2 = 24.525 𝑁
𝑀𝐴 40 𝑠
 GEAR TRAIN
Gear trains are frequently used in mechanical systems to
reduce speed, to magnify torque, or to obtain the most
efficient power transfer by matching the driving member to
given the load. Figure below illustrates a simple gear train
system. If the radii of gear 1 and gear 2 are r1 and r2
respectively and the number of teeth on gear 1 and gear 2
are n1 and n2 , then
𝒓𝟏 𝒏𝟏
=
𝒓𝟐 𝒏𝟐
Because the surface speeds at the point of contact of the
two gears must be indenical, we have
T1ω1 = T2ω2
r1ω1 = r2ω2
Where ω1 and ω2 are angular velocities of gear 1 and gear
2, therefore
ω𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝒏𝟏
= =
ω𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒏𝟐
 GEAR TRAIN
• Problem
Find the angular velocity of
gear 8 if the angular velocity
of gear 2 is 800 rpm in the
direction shown
• Solution
The velocity ratio for the gear train is given by

𝜔8 𝑁2 𝑁4 𝑁6 𝑁7
=
𝜔2 𝑁3 𝑁5 𝑁7 𝑁8
𝜔8 18 15 18 25
=
800 44 33 25 48

𝜔8 = 800 ×
18 15 18 25 𝜔8 = 55.78 rpm CCW
44 33 25 48
 EXAMPLE
Consider the system shown in that figure. Here a load is driven by a
motor through the gear train. Assuming that stiffness of the shafts
of the gear train is infinite, that there is neither backlash nor elastic
deformation, and that the number of teeth on each gear is
proportional to the radius of the gear, find the equivalent inertia and
equivalent friction referred to the motor shaft (shaft 1) and those
referred to the load shaft (shaft 2). The numbers of teeth on gear 1
and gear 2 are n1 and n2, respectively. The angular velocities of shaft
1 and shaft 2 are ω1 and ω2, respectively, whereas the inertia and
viscous frictioncoefficient of each gear train component are
denoted by J1, b1 and J2, b2, respectively.
 SOLUTION
By applying Newton’s second law to this system, the following two
equations can be derived. For the motor shaft (shaft 1),
𝐽1 𝜔ሶ 1 + 𝑏1 𝜔1 + 𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑚 Equations 1
Where Tm is the torque developed by the motor and T1 is the load
torque on gear 1 due to the rest of the gear train. For the load shaft
(shaft 2)
𝐽2 𝜔ሶ 2 + 𝑏2 𝜔2 + 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇2 Equations 2
Where T2 is the torque transmitted to gear 2 and TL is the load
torque. Since the gear train transmits the power unchanged, we
have
𝑇1 𝜔1 = 𝑇2 𝜔2
Or
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 𝜔 𝑛1
𝜔 = 𝑇2 𝑛
2
1 2
 SOLUTION
If n1/n2 < 1, the gear ratio reduces the speed in addition to
magnifying the torque. Elimination of T1 and T2 from equations 1
and equations 2 yields
𝑛1
𝐽1 𝜔ሶ 1 + 𝑏1 𝜔1 + 𝐽2 𝜔ሶ 2 + 𝑏2 𝜔2 + 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚 Equations 3
𝑛2

Since ω2=(n1/n2) ω1, eliminating ω2 from equations 3 gives

𝑛1 2 𝑛1 2 𝑛1
𝐽1 + 𝐽2 𝜔ሶ 1 + 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 𝜔1 + 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚 Equations 4
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2

Thus the equivalent inertia and equivalent viscous friction

coefficient of the gear train referred to shaft 1 are given by
𝑛1 2 𝑛1 2
𝐽1𝑒𝑞 = 𝐽1 + 𝐽2 , 𝑏1𝑒𝑞 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝑛2 𝑛2

The effect of J2 on the equivalent inertia J1eq is determined by the

gear ratio n1/n2. For speed-reducing gear trains, the ratio n1/n2 is
much smaller than unity. If n1/n2 < 1, then the effect of J2 on the
equivalent J1eq is negligible. Similar comments apply to the
equivalent friction of the gear trains.
 SOLUTION
In the term of the equivalent inertia J1eq and equivalent viscous
friction coefficient b1eq , Equations 4 can be simplified to give
𝐽1𝑒𝑞 𝜔ሶ 1 + 𝑏1𝑒𝑞 𝜔1 + 𝑛𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚
Where n = n1/n2
The equivalent inertia and equivalent viscous friction coefficient of
the gear train referred to shaft 2 are
𝑛2 2 𝑛2 2
𝐽2𝑒𝑞 = 𝐽2 + 𝐽1 , 𝑏2𝑒𝑞 = 𝑏2 + 𝑏1
𝑛1 𝑛1

So the relationship between J1eq and J2eq is

𝑛1 2
𝐽1𝑒𝑞 = 𝐽2𝑒𝑞
𝑛2

And that between b1eq and b2eq is

2
𝑛1
𝑏1𝑒𝑞 = 𝑏2𝑒𝑞
𝑛2
 SOLUTION
And equations 4 can be modified to give
1
𝐽2𝑒𝑞 𝜔ሶ 2 + 𝑏2𝑒𝑞 𝜔2 + 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇
𝑛 𝑚
“
THANKS