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IMMUNE SYSTEM
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What is Immune System?
The first part of the immune system that meets invaders such as
bacteria is a group of proteins called the complement system
These proteins flow freely in the blood and can quickly reach the
site of an invasion where they can react directly with antigens
molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances.
Coat intruders so that eater cells are more likely to eat them
Kill intruders
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Immunity
Inflammation
Signs and symptoms characterized by:
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and possible loss of function
Fever
Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body
temperature signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction
1. Neutrophil– react early to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damage
tissue
Interferon
Small protein produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells
Alpha interferon- lymphocytes and macrophages
Beta interferon- fibroblast and epithelial cells
Gamma interferon- T cells
Complement
Consist of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria
and viruses
Activated by and work with the antibodies
They cause bursting of cells and signal to phagocytes that a cell needs
to be removed
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Third Line of Defense
Specific Defense
Includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely
foe each microbe through the action of specialized white blood
cells
They attack any invaders in large numbers, and eat until they die
It also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of
invaders
3. Dendritic cells
Are eater cells and devour invaders, like the granulocytes and
macrophages
B cells
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T CELLS
Killer cells
Killer T cells
Specialized in attacking cells of the body infected by viruses and
sometimes also by bacteria
It has receptors that are used to search each cell that it meets. If a
cell is infected, it is swiftly killed.
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B CELLS
B memory cells
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Plasma cell
Specialized in producing a specific protein called antibody that will
respond to the same antigen that matched the B cell receptor
Antibodies are released from the plasma cell so that they can seek out
intruders and help destroy them
It can produce antibodies at an amazing rate and can release tons of
thousands of antibodies per second
Memory cells
The second cell type produced by the division of B cells
These cells have a prolonged life span and can thereby remember
specific intruders
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Organs of Immune System
Maturation Site
The soft tissue inside your bones where all blood cells, including
lymphocytes, are made
Or “clumps”
Lymph nodes are small, round organs that filter out bacteria, waste,
and other toxins and also contain infection-fighting white blood cells.
The nodes play a key role in recognizing and destroying these
substances while also signaling the body to launch an immune
response. You have clusters of lymph nodes in your groin, under your
arms, and in your neck, as well as more nodes located along other
lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.