GENETICS

1. Genetics is built around

molecules called
_______?
a. Chromosome
b. Gene
c. DNA
d. Allele
 2. What is the basic unit of
heredity?

a. Chromosome
b. Gene
c. DNA
d. Allele
3. How many chromosomes
do the humans have?

a. 32
b. 23
c. 36
d. 46
4. What do you call with the
syndrome of having trisomy
13?
a. Down’s Syndrome
b. Patau Syndrome
c. Edward’s Syndrome
d. Klinefelter’s Syndrome
5. Who is the Father of
Genetics?
a. George Mendel
b. Georges Mandela
c. George Mandela
d. Gregor Mendel
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1. It captures the first two
weeks after conception.

a. Fetal
b. Germinal
c. Clinical
d. Embryonic
2. A _______ is a substance
from the environment that
can have a detrimental
effect on a developmental
fetus.
a. Teratogen b. Vitamins
c. Foods d. Light
3-4. Name at least two
substances that can affect a
developing fetus.
5. It refers to the developing
stage of a baby from a
single cell after conception
into an embryo and later a
fetus.
 TERATOGENS

1. It is a Greek word that translates to

"Demon”
2. The negative effect that could happen to
a child when the parent uses a Teratogen.
3-5. Give three types of Teratogen
substances.
 Family, teachers and community members play
important role in raising children with applying values
and customs to socialize them so they can contribute
something to the society. From the views of Barbour,
Barbour and Scully (2011), children develop some
attitudes by observing actions, hearing words and
surmising the feelings of significant others in their
environment.
Children’s perceptions and behaviors can be developed
early from home and the direct interactions take place
in the microsystem like the interaction between a child
and parents, siblings, teachers and peer group. Besides,
the good environment and better encouragement to the
child will affect how better the child will grow up (Oswalt,
2008).

According to Oswalt (2008), "Each child's special

genetic and biologically influenced personality traits,
what is known as temperament, end up affecting how
others treat them".
 Another case is how some parts in microsystem having
the connections or interrelationships among them like
parents, teachers and peers.

According to the Shaffer and Kipp (2010),

Bronfenbrenner argues that development of a child will
be effective if the connections between microsystems
are strong and supportive. Conversely, if the connections
are non-supportive, it can produce trouble on child.
For the third environmental layer or exosystem, this may
not have contact with the child but might affect the
development of the child.

Then, another environment is about the larger context

called the macrosystem.
 Lastly is the chronosystem. The chronosystem is about
how the feeling, perceptions and attitudes of child can
be changed over time. This model includes a temporal
dimension (Shaffer & Kipp, 2010). It is focusing on the
ecological context of development or the transformation
of the child can influence the way that development is
likely to take (Shaffer & Kipp, 2010).
In the microsystem, family is one of the factors that affect
children in development. Furthermore, family plays
important role to the physical development of children in
aspect of education and family income.

Besides that, environmental factors like family and peers

also affect the social development of child.

The interaction between people in the microsystem is

essential for the development of child in the aspect of
emotional development.
 The level where children do not make any contact with
these people and places but still have an effect on them
is the exosystem.
 The next layer of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory is
the macrosystem. Government plays a big role to the
development of children. What government can do is
enacting the law for protecting the children hence to
ensure the well-being of development of children. The
examples of the law are the Early Childhood Care and
Development (ECCD) Law which was enacted in 2000
and the Republic Act 6972, the “Barangay (village) Level
Total Protection of Children Act”. From the policies,
personal development and the socialization process can
be acquired by children and can affect children
positively.
 According to Bronfenbrenner, parental styles
also influence human development.

Authoritarian parenting is when a parent lays

down strict rules for the child and shows little to
no love and affection. Authoritative parenting is
when parent lay down strict rules, but show love
and affection to their child. Permissive parenting
is when a parent is more relaxed with the rules
and lets the child have independence, showing
love and affection. Neglectful parenting is when
a parent lets the child have independence and
shows little to no love and affection.
Bronfenbrenner emphasizes the importance of a
person knowing just how much the
circumstances surrounding them influence who
they are or who they are becoming. Everyone
has different issues going on in their phases of
development. The external environment can
affect our internal experiences in everyday life.
His system displays how each element of human
development is combined to create the students
we will one day come to teach. As teachers, it
will be our responsibility to familiarize ourselves
with each aspect of our student’s lives. Then in
turn, we need to help them keep all these
systems in balance. If we can accomplish this,
we will have happier, more successful students.
 The Eco-cultural Theory (Gallimore et al., 1993;
Gallimore et al., 1989) is interested about the
relationship between human and society. It sees
family as proactive, as society, global and national
economy and ecology affect the family.
 Everyday routines are made up of activities and
practices which in turn include five features as a
minimum definition:

(1) Goals and values, (2) motives and emotion, (3)

tasks to be performed in that activity, (4) a script for
normative or appropriate conduct and (5) who the
people are who should be participants.
 The family is necessary for the socialization of children. Children
learn their most valuable lessons from their family that last them a
life time. Children also are very dependent on others to care for
them, which makes their families all the more important to them.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY

The family unit functions as a safe haven and shelter from the
outside world. Family is there to protect its members, to love them,
and to provide each individual with the necessary basic needs. A
extremely tight-knit family also goes beyond that through their
unconditional love and dedication to each other without
considering what circumstance they may be in.
 There are three factors that connected to
Weisner’s Eco-cultural Theory that affects the
people [family] in the society --- social factors,
environmental and biological factors.
Parenting, the Social Environment and its Effects
on Child Development

The social environment refers to an individual’s physical

surroundings, community resources and social relationships.
 How do social environments and social
relationships influence a child’s development?
There is a considerable body of evidence demonstrating that an
individual’s social environment influences their health status,
although the mechanisms by which it does so are not yet fully
understood. A number of possible mechanisms have been put
forward. For example, it has been hypothesized that children may
imitate what they see in their environment, thus those who grow up in
contexts characterized by high-quality education and child-care,
access to a range of essential services and recreational facilities and
social cohesion, experience better developmental outcomes than
those who grow up in contexts characterized by a lack of resources
and social antagonism.

• Cognitive development and educational attainment

• Risk-taking behaviour
• Emotional and psychological wellbeing
• Motivation
• Physical health
 ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
The economic functions of a family are important for society.
Family units make up the institutions that run society. Without family,
a weak economic unit would be left with no stability or dependancy.
The family is important so that there are available members to
produce and distribute goods and services. With working parents, the
children can grow up to one day take their place. Without families in
society, there would not be a continuing population to sustain this.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
One of the most important is love and affective nurturance. This is
seen in parent-child relationships which are extremely important for
children to be able to be happy and successful in life. To allow its
members to change and grow. Elvira (2009) explains that "A
functional family lets people define themselves. Individual differeces
are appreceiated even celebrated. It also lets the kids become
independent when it's appropriate and come back to the safety of
the family when they need nurturing."

The economic and psychological functions of the family are

important to analyze how individuals become successful or if
they fail. Much of an individuals personality is based on how well
these needs and functions were carried out.
Raising Children With Special Needs - Coping
With Challenges

Parenting is a challenging task under any circumstances. However,

when a child is born or diagnosed with special needs, parents or their
primary caregivers can face with even more unexpected challenges.
A person to have hope during challenging times is to
have goals. With goals, parents would be able to
focus on their child's achievements. Adler further
concluded that the responsibility of failure cannot be
placed completely on hereditary or physical
conditions. He believes that it is the method of
educating the child that must shoulder the burden of
failure not a child's physical disability. Learning from
one another can be very empowering for the parents
as they go through similar journeys in caregiving.
What matters for children and parents in this theory is
the achievement of cultural well-being. Well-being in
children usually thought as intrapsychic state or
individual attribute or to the child. But well-being also
is ability of a child to actively and innovatively
participate in the activities deemed important and
valued by the community.