ENTRY OF I.C.

EGNINES AS AUTOMOTIVE
PRIME MOVERS

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Internal Combustion is an Essential Quality of

an Artificial Horse ..…
Steam Wagon/Tractor : Last decade of 19th
Century
A Mathematical Model for (James Watt’s) Steam Engine

expansion

Heat Addition
Heat Removal
Carnot’s Theoretical Model for Engine

A B

C
 The Ideal Gas Engine
• 1824: Sadi Carnot, who founded the science of
thermodynamics, identified several fundamental ideas that
would be incorporated in later internal combustion engines:
– He noted that air compressed by a ratio of 15 to 1 would
be hot enough (200°C) to ignite dry wood.
– He recommended compressing the air before combustion.
Fuel could then be added by "an easily invented injector".
– Carnot realized that the cylinder walls would require
cooling to permit continuous operation.
– Later, Diesel thought he could avoid this, but found out
the hard way.
– He noted that usable heat would be available in the
exhaust, and recommended passing it under a water boiler.
Carnot’s Theoretical Model for Gas Engine
 Thermodynamic Modeling : A tradition of Post Carnot
Research
• Major portion of motive power generation occurs in any
Reciprocating IC engine in a control mass (closed system).
• The thermal operation of any IC engine is a transient cyclic process.
• Even at constant load and speed, the value of thermodynamic
parameters at any location vary with time.
• Each event may get repeated again and again.
• So, an IC engine operation is a transient process which gets
completed in a known or required Cycle time.
• Higher the speed of the engine, lower will be the Cycle time.
• Modeling of IC engine process can be carried out in many ways.
• Multidimensional, Transient Flow and heat transfer Model.
• Thermodynamic Transient Model USUF.
• Fuel-air Thermodynamic Model.
• Air standard Thermodynamic Model.
Otto’s Definition of Displacement Work Devices

FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke

Spark Ignition Engine

Displacement Work Devices : Spark Ignition Engine

FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Combustion Fuel/Air
Products Mixture

Exhaust
Intake Compression Power
Stroke
Stroke Stroke Stroke
 Active Part of the Innovation

Qin Qout

Air
Otto TC

Cycle
BC

Compression Const volume Expansion Const volume

Process heat addition Process heat rejection
Process Process
 Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles

• Air-standard analysis is used to perform elementary

analyses of IC engine cycles.

• Simplifications to the real cycle include:

1) Intake and exhaust processes not considered
2) Fixed amount of air (ideal gas) for working fluid
3) Combustion process not considered
4) Engine friction and heat losses not considered
5) Specific heats independent of temperature
 Otto’s Model for Engine cycle
Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
Process 2  3 Constant volume heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection
Compression ratio:
v1 v
r   4
v2 v3

Qin

Qout

v2 v1
BC TC BC
TC
 First Law Analysis of Air Standard Cycle
Net cycle work:

 W  W  W
1 2 3 4  mu1  u2   mu3  u4 

Cycle thermal efficiency:

th 
 W

u3  u 2   u4  u1 
 1
u4  u1
Qin
u3  u 2 u3  u 2
cv (T4  T1 )
 1
cv (T3  T2 )

 1  1
T2  v1  T3  v4  T1 1
th  1 
 1
   r      1
T1  v2  T4  v3  T2 r  1
 Clue to Achieve Higher Efficiency

thOtto

Compression Ratio
Irrationality of Otto’s Model

1
th  1 
Otto r k 1
Typical SI
engines
9 < r < 11 k = 1.4
Fuel/Air
Mixture

Compression
Stroke
Flame Quenching at Wall
 Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

• Diesel published a treatise entitled, Theory and

Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to
Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion
Engines Known Today.

• This formed the basis for his work on and invention of, the
diesel engine.
• In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of compression and
the fuel was ignited by the high temperature resulting from
compression.
Displacement Work Devices : Compression Ignition Engine

A
I
R

Air Combustion
Products

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
Active Part of the Innovation : Ideal Diesel Cycle
Qin Qout

Air

BC

Compression Const pressure Expansion Const volume

Process heat addition Process heat rejection
Process Process
 Air-Standard Diesel cycle
Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Qin

Cut-off ratio:
v3
rc 
v2
Qout

v2 v1
TC BC
TC BC