COMPOSITE

MATERIALS
 COMPOSITE

- Is a multiphase material
that is artificially made, as
opposed to one that
occurs or forms naturally.
 Continuous and
COMPOSITE surrounds
dispersed phase
MATERIALS

DISPERSED MATRIX
PHASE PHASE

Consists of fibres or particles

of different sizes or wires or
meshes which is of
discontinuous nature
 Large
Particle - Particle
reinforced Dispersion
Strengthened
Continuous
Fiber – (aligned)
Composites
reinforced Discontinuous
(short)

Laminates
Structural
Sandwich
Panels
 PARTICLE–
REINFORCED
COMPOSITE

- There are two classifications of

particle – reinforced composites:

• LARGE PARTICLE

• DISPERSION
STRENGTHENED
LARGE PARTICLE
COMPOSITES

- Used to indicate that particle

matrix interactions cannot be
treated on the atomic or
molecular level; rather
continuum mechanics is used
 RULE OF MIXTURES
- This equation predicts that the elastic
modulus should fall between an upper
bound represented by
𝑬𝒄 𝒖 = 𝑬𝒎 𝑽𝒎 + 𝑬𝒑 𝑽𝒑
and a lower bound, or limit,
𝑬𝒎 𝑬𝒑
𝑬𝒄 𝒍 =
𝑽𝒎 𝑬𝒑 +𝑽𝒑 𝑬𝒎

where E & V = elastic modulus & volume fraction;

subscripts c, m & p = composite, matrix, &
particulate phase
 CONCRETE

- Common large particle

composite in which both matrix
and dispersed phases are
ceramic materials.

- There are two kinds of concrete.

PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE

- Is a major material of
construction, primarily because
it can be poured in place and
hardens at room temperature,
and even when submerged in
water.
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE

- Renders the hardened structure

capable of supporting greater
tensile, compressive, and shear
stresses.
 DISPERSION
STRENGTHENED
COMPOSITES

- Particles are normally much

smaller, with diameters between
0.01 and 0.1 μm (10 and 100
nm)
 FIBER–
REINFORCED
COMPOSITES

- Often include high strength

and/or stiffness on a weight
basis
- The most important composites
are those in which the dispersed
phase is in the form of fiber
 INFLUENCE OF
FIBER LENGTH

σ∗𝒇 𝒅
𝒍𝒄 =
𝟐τ𝒄

𝒍𝒄 = critical length
𝒅 = diameter
σ𝒇 = ultimate/tensile strength
∗

τ𝒄 = fiber matrix bond

strength/shear yield strength
 INFLUENCE OF
FIBER
ORIENTATION AND
CONCENTRATION

- The arrangement or orientation

of the fibers relative to one
another, the fiber concentration,
and the distribution all have a
significant influence on the
strength and other properties of
fiber-reinforced composites
 SCHEMATIC
REPRESENTATIONS
O F:

a.) continuous and aligned

b.) discontinuous and aligned
c.) discontinuous and randomly
oriented fiber-reinforced
composites
 ELASTIC
BEHAVIOR–
LONGITUDINAL
LOADING

𝑬𝒅 = 𝑬𝒎 𝑽𝒎 + 𝑬𝒇 𝑽𝒇

𝑬𝒅 = 𝑬𝒎 (𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇 ) + 𝑬𝒇 𝑽𝒇
 ELASTIC
BEHAVIOR–
TRANSVERSE
LOADING

- A continuous and oriented fiber

composite
- The load is applied at a 90̊ angle
to the direction of fiber
alignment
 ELASTIC BEHAVIOR–
TRANSVERSE LOADING

𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑽𝒇
= +
𝑬𝒄𝒕 𝑬𝒎 𝑬𝒇

which reduces to

𝑬𝒎 𝑬𝒇 𝑬𝒎 𝑬𝒇
𝑬𝒄𝒕 = =
𝑽𝒎 𝑬𝒇 + 𝑽𝒇 𝑬𝒎 (𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇 )𝑬𝒇 + 𝑽𝒇 𝑬𝒎
LONGITUDINAL TENSILE
STRENGTH

- Consider the strength characteristics of

continuous and aligned fiber-reinforced
composites that are loaded in the
longitudinal direction.

∗ ∗
σ𝒄𝒍 = σ′𝒎 𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇 + σ𝒇 𝑽𝒇

σ′𝒎 = stress in the matrix at fiber failure

σ∗𝒇 = fiber tensile strength
TRANSVERSE TENSILE
STRENGTH

- The strengths of continuous and

unidirectional fibrous composites are
highly anisotropic, and such composites
are normally designed to be loaded
along the high strength, longitudinal
direction

- Forces applied perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of the member
DISCONTINUOUS AND
ALIGNED FIBER
COMPOSITES

- If 𝒍 > 𝒍𝒄

𝒍𝒄
σ∗𝒄𝒅 = σ∗𝒇 𝑽𝒇 𝟏− + σ′𝒎 𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇
𝟐𝒍

- If 𝒍 < 𝒍𝒄

𝒍 τ𝒄
σ∗𝒄𝒅΄ = 𝑽𝒇 + σ′𝒎 𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇
𝒅
 DISCONTINUOUS AND
RANDOMLY ORIENTED
FIBER COMPOSITES

𝑬𝒄𝒅 = 𝑲𝑬𝒇 𝑽𝒇 + 𝑬𝒎 𝑽𝒎

K = fiber efficiency parameter that depends

𝑬𝒇
on 𝑽𝒇 and the ratio of
𝑬𝒎
THE FIBER PHASE
 T H RasEaEradial
Utilized
Very C
thin
L A Ssteel
S I reinforcement
FICATIONS
single in
OFautomobile
FIBER tires,
crystals that in filament-wound
have rocket casings, and
- W H I S K E R S
extremely in wire-wound high- Either
large length- pressure hoses polycrystalline
to-diameter - F I B E R S or amorphous
ratios and have small
diameters
- WIRES
THE MATRIX PHASE

- May be a metal, polymer or

ceramic
- It is essential that adhesive
bonding forces between fiber
and matrix be high to minimize
fiber pull-out.
POLYMER–MATRIX
C O M P O S I T E S (PMCs)

- consist of a polymer resin as the

matrix, with fibers as the
reinforcement medium
 GLASS FIBER–
REINFORCED
P O L Y M E R (GFRP)
COMPOSITES

FIBERGLASS

- Simply a composite consisting of

glass fibers, other continuous or
discontinuous
 Glass is popular as a fiber –
reinforcement material for several
reasons:

1. Easily drawn into high-strength fibers from

molten state
2. Readily available and may be fabricated
into a glass-reinforced plastic economically
3. Produces a composite having a very high
specific strength
4. Possesses a chemical inertness that renders
the composite useful in a variety of
corrosive environments
 CARBON FIBER–
REINFORCED
P O L Y M E R (CFRP)
COMPOSITES

CARBON

- Is a high-performance fiber
material that is the most
commonly used reinforcement in
advanced polymer-matrix
composites
Carbon is popular as a fiber – reinforcement
material for several reasons:

1. Have the highest specific modulus and

specific strength of all reinforcing fiber
materials
2. Retain their high tensile modulus and high
strength at elevated temperatures
3. Not affected by moisture or a wide variety
of solvents, acids and bases
4. Exhibit a diversity of physical and
mechanical characteristics
5. Inexpensive and cost effective
 ARAMID FIBER–
REINFORCED
POLYMER
COMPOSITES

ARAMID FIBERS

- High-strength, high-modulus
materials that were introduced in
the early 1970s
 OTHER FIBER
REINFORCEMENT
MATERIALS

- Boron
- Silicon
- Carbide
- Aluminum oxide
POLYMER MATRIX
MATERIALS

- Are the most common which

may be reinforced with glass,
carbon, and aramid fibers.
 METAL-MATRIX
C O M P O S I T E S (MMCs)

- The matrix is a ductile metal

- These materials may be utilized
at higher service temperatures
than their base metal
counterparts
CERAMIC-MATRIX
C O M P O S I T E S (CMCs)

- Particulates, fibers, or whiskers

of one ceramic material that
have been embedded into a
matrix of another ceramic.
CARBON-CARBON
COMPOSITES

- Both reinforcement and matrix

are carbon
- These materials are relatively
new and expensive and are not
currently being utilized
extensively.
 HYBRID
COMPOSITES

- A relatively new fiber-reinforced

composite which is obtained by
using two or more different kinds
of fibers in a single matrix
 PROCESSING OF
FIBER-REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
 PULTRUSION

- Used for the manufacture of

components having continuous
lengths and a constant cross-
sectional shape
 PREPREG
PRODUCTION
PROCESSES

- Composite industry’s term for

continuous fiber reinforcement
pre-impregnated with a polymer
resin that is only partially cured
 FILAMENT
WINDING

- A process by which continuous

reinforcing fibers are accurately
positioned in a predetermined
pattern to form a hollow shape
 STRUCTURAL
COMPOSITES

- Normally composed of both

homogeneous and composite
materials
 LAMINAR
COMPOSITES

- Composed of two-dimensional
sheets or panels that have a
preferred high strength
direction
SANDWICH PANELS

- Considered to be a class of
structural composites that are
designed to be light-weight
beams or panels having
relatively high stiffness and
strengths