Let a DC voltage V be applied suddenly by closing the switch at t=0 to a circuit consisting R and L in series

LET A CURRENT i FLOWING THROUGH THE CIRCUIT ONCE SWITCH IS CLOSED

𝑑𝑖
𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 = 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 𝑅 𝑉
⇒ +𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿

So integrating factor will be

𝑅 𝑅
‫𝑡𝑑 𝐿 ׬‬
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝐿𝑡 So
𝑅 𝑉 𝑅
𝑖× 𝑒 𝐿𝑡 = න 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 × 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝑅
𝑉 𝑅
−𝐿 𝑡 𝑅 𝑒 𝐿𝑡
Final Solution 𝑖= + 𝐶𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡 න 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝐶
𝑅 𝑅/𝐿
As inductor doesn’t allow sudden change of current so the current flowing in the circuit just before closing the
Switch and just after closing the switch would be same.
If there were no current flowing in the circuit before closing the switch so i(0-)=i(0+)=0

𝑉 𝑅
−𝐿 𝑡
𝑖 = + 𝐶𝑒
𝑅
By putting initial condition
𝑅 𝑉
−𝐿 𝑡
0 = 𝐶𝑒 +
𝑅
𝑉
⇒𝐶=−
𝑅
So i can now be written as
𝑉 −𝑅 𝑡 𝑉
𝑖=− 𝑒 𝐿 +
𝑅 𝑅

𝑉 𝑅
−𝐿 𝑡
⇒ 𝑖 = (1 − 𝑒 )
𝑅
Putting t=infinity, i=Is=V/R
 𝑉 𝑅
− 𝑡
𝑖 = (1 − 𝑒 𝐿 )
𝑅
Now if we put t = L/R we get
i=0.632Is

So at time t=L/R the current through RL circuit rises to 63.2% of its final value Is. This time is known as time constant
i.e. the time at which the current rises to 63.2% of its final value or fall to 37.8% of its initial value. The time constant
For RL circuit is L/R and inverse of time constant is called damping ratio.
Let a DC voltage V be applied suddenly by closing the switch at t=0 to a circuit consisting R and C in series
LET A CURRENT i FLOWING THROUGH THE CIRCUIT ONCE SWITCH IS CLOSED
1
𝑅𝑖 + න 𝑖. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉
𝐶
𝑑𝑖 1
⇒𝑅 +𝑖 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

𝑑𝑖 1
⇒ +𝑖 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶