Deflection: Virtual

Work Method; Trusses

Theory of Structure - I
Contents
 External Work and Strain Energy
 Principle of Work and Energy
 Principle of Virtual Work
 Method of Virtual Work:
 Trusses

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External Work and Strain Energy

Most energy methods are based on the conservation of

energy principle, which states that the work done by all the
external forces acting on a structure, Ue, is transformed into
internal work or strain energy, Ui.
Ue = Ui
• External Work-Force.

F dU e  Fdx
P
F x x
D U e   Fdx
P 0
L
As the magnitude of F is gradually increased
Ue from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
x elongation of the bar becomes D.
D D
D
P
Ue   ( x)dx
D
F 0

P 2 D
1
Ue  ( x )  PD
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 F
F´+P
P
L L
Displacement work
x
D D D´
D´

P
(Ue)Total = (Eigen Work)P + (Eigen Work)F´
+ (Displacement work) P
F´
1 1
(U e )Total  (D)( P)  (D' )( F ' )  P(D' )
2 2

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 F
20 kN

L L

x (m)
1 cm 0.01 m
1
Ue  (0.01)( 20 103 )  100 N  m
20 kN 2

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 F
20 kN

15 kN
L L L
Displacement work
x (m)
0.75 cm 0.75 cm 0.0075 0.01
0.25 cm
15 kN
15 kN

5 kN
1 1
W (0.0075)(15 103 )  (0.0025)(5 103 )  (0.0025)(15 103 )
2 2

 56.25  6.25  37.50  100N  m

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 • External Work-Moment. M
M´+M
M
dq
M
Displacement work
q
q q´

dU e  Mdq
q
U e   Mdq -----(8-12)
0
Eigen work
1
Ue  Mq -----(8-13)
2
1 1
(U e )Total  qM  q ' M ' Mq '
2 2
1
(U e )Total  ( M  M ' )(q  q ' ) -----(8-14)
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 • Strain Energy-Axial Force.


U i   U o dV

1
L   (  )dV
2

 1 2
1   ( )dV
D U o   2 E
2
 1 N 2
E  ( ) dV
N  2E A

1 N 2

N  ( ) Adx
A 2E A

L
N2
Ui   dx
0
2 EA

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 • Strain Energy-Bending
U i   U o dV
P
L
w
1
  (  )dV
L
2

1 2
x dx   ( )dV
L
2 E
L
1 My 2
 ( ) dV
M M 2E I
L

1 M 2 y2
dq  ( 2 )dAdx
My L
2E I

dx I 1 M2
  ( 2 )(  y 2 d A)dx
L
2E I A

M 2I
 ( 2
)dx
1 2 EI
U o  
L

2
L
M2
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 • Strain Energy-Torsion

dx
U i   U o dV
T T
T 1
c    (  )dV
 J 2
dq
1 2
  ( )dV
2 G

1 T 2
 ( ) dV
2G J
J
 1 T2
G  ( 2 )  (  2 dA)dx
 2G J

1 
U o   T2
2 Ui   dx
2GJ
For reference:
Strength of Material by Singer, Fourth
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 • Strain Energy-Shear

U i   U o dV
V V VQ
 1
It   (  )dV
2

dy
1 2
dx   ( )dV
2 G

1 VQ 2
  ( ) dV
2G It K
2 2
A
V Q

2G  It
( dA)dx

G

1  Ui   K
V2
dx
U o   2GA
2 For reference:
Strength of Material by Singer, Fourth
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Principle of Work and Energy
P
x
Ue  Ui
L
L
1 M 2 dx
PD  
M diagram 2 0
2 EI

( Px) 2 dx
L
1
PD  
2 0
2EI
-PL P
1 P 2 x3 L
M PD 
2 6 EI 0

x
V PL3
D
3EI
+ SMx = 0:  M  Px  0

M  Px
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Principle of Virtual Work

L
u
A

P´ = 1
Virtual loadings
Apply virtual load P´ first
1•D  Su • dL
u Real displacements

In a similar manner,
L
u
A Virtual loadings
dL
1•q  Suq • dL
D
P1 Real displacements
Then apply real load P1.
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Method of Virtual Work : Truss
P1
• External Loading.
n1 N1 P2

n3 n5 N3 N
n7 n8 n9 N7 N8 5 N9
B B
D
1kN nNL
1 D  
AE
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of D
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
D = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
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• Temperature

1 D   n (DT ) L

Where:
D = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change
 = coefficient of thermal expansion of member
DT = change in temperature of member

• Fabrication Errors and Camber

1 D   nDL

Where:
D = external joint displacement caused by the fabrication errors
DL = difference in length of the member from its intended size as
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Example 8-15

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
(a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is
applied to the truss at C.
(b) If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement
of joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?
(c) If 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted, what would
be the vertical displacement of joint C.

C
4 kN

3m
A B

4m 4m

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SOLUTION

Part (a)
•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.

1 kN
C
4 kN
C

A 0.667 4 kN 2
0 B B
A
n (kN) N(kN)
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
1.5 kN 1.5 kN
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 1 kN
C
4 kN
C

A 0.667 B A 2 B
C
n (kN) N (kN)

=
A 8 B
C
L (m)

A 10.67 B
nNL
(1kN )( D Cv )   nNL (kN2•m)
AE
1 10.67 kN  m
D C  (10.41  10.41  10.67) 
AE kN
(400 10  6 m 2 )( 200 106 2 )
m
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DCv = 0.133 mm, 18

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 Part (b): The member AB were 5 mm too short
1 kN

A 0.667 B
n (kN)
5 mm

(1)(DCv )   n(DL)

DCv  (0.667)(0.005)

DCv = -3.33 mm,

Part (c): The 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted.

DCv = 0.133 - 3.33 = -3.20 mm

DCv = -3.20 mm,

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Example 8-16

Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

F E

4m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m
4 kN 4 kN

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 SOLUTION

•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be

determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.

•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the

method of joint.

F -0.333 E F -4 E
0.333

1 4m 4 4 4m
0 0.333 0.667 0.667 D 0A 4 4 4 D
A
B C B C
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
0.333 kN n (kN) 1 kN 0.667 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN
N(kN)
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 F -0.333 E F -4 E

0.333 1 4 4
0.333 0.667 0.667 4 4 4
B C B C
A DA D F 4 E
n (kN) 1 kN 4 kN N(kN) 4 kN
4 4
4 4 4

=
B C
F 5.33 E A L(m) D
5.33
16
5.33 10.67 10.67
B C
A D
nNL(kN2•m)
nNL
(1kN )( D Cv )  
AE
1 72.4kN  m
D Cv  [15.07  3(5.33)  2(10.67)  16  30.18)] 
AE kN
(400 10 6 m 2 )( 200 106 2 )
m 22
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Example 8-17

Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Due to
radiant heating from the wall, members are subjected to a temperature change:
member AD is increase +60oC, member DC is increase +40oC and member AC is
decrease -20oC.Also member DC is fabricated 2 mm too short and member AC
3 mm too long. Take  = 12(10-6) , the cross-section area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

wall
D C 10 kN

3m

B
A
2m 20 kN

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 SOLUTION
• Due to loading forces.

1 kN 1 kN 20 kN

0.667 kN D 0.667 C 23.33 kN D 23.33 C 10 kN D 2 C

1 20
3m 0 3m 20 3 3
0 0 2
B B B
0.667 kN A 2m 13.33 kN A 2m A
20 kN
n (kN) N (kN) L (m)

D 31.13 C
nNL
(1kN )( D Cv )  
60 AE
0
1
0 D Cv  (60  31.13  104.12)
B (400)( 200)
A
DCv= 2.44 mm,
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 1 kN
D 0.667 C D +40 C D 2 C

1 +60
0 3 3
D -2 C
0 2
B B B
A A A
n (kN) DT (oC) L (m)
B
• Due to temperature change. A
(1kN)(DCv )   n (DT ) L Fabrication error (mm)

D Cv  (12 10 6 )[(1)(60)(3)  (0.667)( 40)( 2)  (1.2)( 20)(3.61)] = 3.84 mm,

• Due to fabrication error.

(1kN)(DCv )   n(DL)

DCv  (0.667)(0.002)  (1.2)(0.003) = -4.93 mm,

• Total displacement .
(DCv )Total  2.44  3.84  4.93 = 1.35 mm,
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