COMPUTER NETWORKS

CS610
Lecture-21
Hammad Khalid Khan
 Review Lecture 21
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

 Guaranteeing Absolute Privacy

 Service Paradigm
– Connected-Oriented Service
– Connectionless Service

 Address and Connection Identifiers

Network Performance Characteristics

Delay
Throughput
 Delay
 Important quantitative property of networks.

 Delay is a measure of how long it takes for a bit of data to

travel across the network from one computer to the other.

 Measured in seconds or fractions of seconds (milliseconds).

 Maximum and Average Delay.

 Types of Delay
 Propagation delay - time to travel across medium.
 Switching delay - time for network. component (hub, bridge,
packet switch) to forward data.
 Access delay - time to get control of medium (CSMA/CD,
token).
 Queuing delay - time enqueued in packet switches.
 Throughput

 Throughput is a measure of the rate at which data can be

sent through the network.

 The throughput capability of the underlying hardware is

called bandwidth.
 Throughput
 Because each frame contain headers the effective
throughput is less than the hardware bandwidth.

 Networking professional often use the term speed as a

synonym for throughput.
 Relationship between Delay and
Throughput

 If a packet switch had a queue

of packets waiting when a new
packet arrives the new packet
D0
will be placed on the ail of the D=
queue and will need to wait (1-U)
while the switch forward the D = Effective Delay
previous packets.
D0 = Delay when the network
is idle
U = Value between 1 and 0
denoting the current
utilization
 Relationship between Delay and
Throughput
 Throughput and delay are not completely independent.
 As traffic in a computer network increase, delays increase;
a network that operates at close to 100% of its throughput
capacity experiences severe delay.
 Delay-Throughput Product

 Computed as delay time multiplied by effective throughput.

 Measures amount of data that can be present in the
network.
 In fast networks with long delay times, sending computer
can generate large amounts of data before destination
receives first bit.
 Jitter
 The amount of delay that a network introduces.

 A network with zero jitter takes exactly the same amount of

time to transfer each packet.

 A network with high jitter takes much longer to deliver some

packets than others.
 Summary

 Delay
 Throughput
 Relationship between Delay and Throughput
 Delay-Throughput Product
 Jitter