LECTURE 9:

MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

INTRODUCTION
1. Cell division is accomplished by
• MITOSIS = division of chromosomes and
• CYTOKINESIS = division of the cytoplasm
2. Mitosis is the division of somatic cells in which
the appropriate number of chromosomes is
maintained
3. A somatic cell is a body cell of an organism or
a cell that is not involved in reproduction of a
new organism. Somatic cells divide to recreate
themselves
4. Cytokinesis is division of the
cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells,
usually begun during telophase
5. Difference between animals and plants:
plants are divided by the formation of a
cell plate (=pelat), where animal cells are
divided through the formation of a cell
cleavage (=belahan). Cell plate
materials originate in the golgi complex.
INTRODUCTION
4. When the somatic cell has its complete complement of
chromosomes it is said to be in the diploid condition
5. At the end of mitosis daughter cells are diploid

Terminology
 Genome : cell’s genetic information
 Somatic : body cells
 Gametes : reproductive cells (sperm and egg
cells)
 Chromosomes : DNA molecules
 Diploid (2n) : 2 sets of chromosomes
 Haploid (1n) : 1 set of chromosomes

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BASIC PRINCIPLE
Cell Division: Key Roles

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 Coordination of Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cell Division
demands
coordination of
DNA replication
(Mitosis) and
division of the
cytoplasm
(Cytokinesis).
Cell Division at
cellular level

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What’s so important about cell division?

The
process

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 The Knit of Identity - Mitosis Precisely and Evenly
Divides Duplicated Chromosomes

INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE

Precisely dividing the duplicated chromosomes has the consequence of

providing each new cell with an identical and complete set of genetic
instructions.

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 Mitosis Precisely and Evenly Divides Duplicated
Chromosomes

Cytokinesis is the process of cell division and it is distinct and separable

from mitosis.

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In Animal Cells, a
Cleavage Furrow
Forms and
Separates
Daughter Cells

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Cleave furrow in a dividing frog cell.
The Plant Cell Wall Forces Cytokinesis to Play by
Different Rules

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Cancer
 Transformation
 Tumor: benign (=jinak) or malignant (=ganas)
 Metastasis

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Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle

Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.13

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 Chromosome and DNA
What is the difference between DNA and
Chromosome?
What is Karyotype ?

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Cell Devision at
chromosome level

CHROMOSOME
DUPLICATION

AND

SEPERATION

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DNA Replication –
Simple in Principle,
Complicated in Practice

Cell Devision at DNA

level

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DNA is Packaged into Chromosomes

duplicated
chromosome

DNA in the cell is

virtually always
chromatin associated with
proteins.
The packaging is impressive – 2 meters of human DNA fit
into a sphere about 0.000005 meters in diameter.

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The Link Between DNA Replication and Chromosome
Duplication

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DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes
Only For Brief Periods in the Life of a Cell

Easily visible chromosomes are

95% of the time,
apparent perhaps 5% of the
chromosomes are like time in an actively growing cell
this. and less in a non-growing cell.

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A Karyotype is an arranged picture of chromosomes at their
most condensed State
A normal
human
karyotype

Note that almost all chromosomes come in homologous pairs.

Boy or
girl?

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The Cell Cycle

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From Birth to
Rebirth, a Cell
Progresses
Through
Characteristic
Stages That
Constitute the
Cell Cycle

In multicellular
organisms like us,
progress through
the cell cycle is
carefully
regulated.

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The Cell Cycle
1. Interphase (90% of
cycle)
 G1 phase~ growth
 S phase~ synthesis of
DNA
 G2 phase~ preparation
for cell division
2. Mitotic phase
3. Mitosis~ nuclear
division
4. Cytokinesis~
cytoplasm division INTERPHASE - It is the
time between divisions

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The Cell
Cycle
 G1
 S

 G2

Mitosis &
cytokinesis

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Cell Cycle
regulation
 Growth factors
 Density-
dependent
inhibition
 Anchorage
(=tempat)
dependence

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Stages of Mitosis

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Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase

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 Mitosis in Action

Blue shows
DNA, green
shows spindle
fibers.

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Stages of mitosis

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Stages of mitosis

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 PROPHASE, METAPHASE,
ANAPHASE,TELOPHASE
1. Prophase:
 Chromosomes condense and become visible,
each Chromosome contains several cm of DNA
condensed into 5 – 10 micrometers.
 During the S Phase each chromosome has been
duplicated into a sister chromatid. (A chromotid
is one of the two halves of duplicated
chromosomes)

S Phase = synthesis of DNA

Prometaphase
 Nuclear membrane
fragments
 Spindle interaction
with chromosomes
 Kinetochore develops

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2. Metaphase:
1. Chromosomes line up along the cell
“equator”.
2. The cell itself condenses and the
chromosomes are more clearly visible than
during any other phase of mitosis

 Centrosomes at opposite poles

 Centromeres are aligned (=disejajarkan)
 Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to
microtubules (spindle)

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3. Anaphase
1. is defined as the sister chromatids begin to
separate
2. By now each chromatid is an independent and
functional chromosome
3. The chromosomes are pulled toward opposite
poles. Anaphase is complete when a complete
set of chromosomes reaches each pole.
 Paired centromeres separate; sister chromatids
liberated
 Chromosomes move to opposite poles
 Each pole now has a complete set of
chromosomes

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4. Telophase:
1. The final stage of mitosis, chromosomes
uncoil (= mengurai) into chomatin threads
2. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of
chromosomes, nucleoli appear

• Daughter nuclei form

• Nuclear envelopes arise
• Chromatin becomes less coiled (=
menggulung)
• Two new nuclei complete mitosis
Structure of a replicated
chromosome

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Counting chromosomes and chromatids
 n = haploid number of chromosomes
 Example: the humans have 23 different
chromosomes (n=23).
 Diploid cells have 2n chromosome #.
Human diploid cells, have 46 chromosomes
(2n=46).
 c = number of chromatids in
unreplicated (G1) haploid state.

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Replication of a
chromosome during mitosis

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 CONTROLS ON DIVISION
1. Frequency of mitosis varies between species or
even with location within an organism…skin cell
versus nerve cells for example, but under
similar conditions the length of the cell cycle is
constant for a particular type of cell.
2. The rate and frequency of mitosis in a
multicelluar organism must be controlled…
3. The cell requires a protein called maturation
promoting factor (MPF). Scientists are still
learning how MPF works and controls the cell
mitosis.
 Read about the effects of Colchicine and
the condition of polypoidy
 When mitosis occurs each daughter cell
receives exactly the same number and
kind of chromosomes as the parent
 When a haploid cell undergoes mitosis,
two haploid cells are produced.
These are Organisms
(living things)

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 Tugas

1.Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan

cytokinesis ?
2.Jelaskan masing-masing tahap interfase.
3.Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan
“cell cycle checkpoint” ?
4.Ada berapa tahap dalam cell cycle
checkpoint ? Jelaskan masing-masing
tahapannya.

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