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Industrial training Presentation

on
Optical fibre
at
RDSO
By- Harshit Jain
Stream-B.tech
Branch & Group – (Ec 72)
Roll No -1612231042
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TELECOM AND TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
Laboratory
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Functions of Telecome and telephone
exchange
 A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public
switched telephone network or in large enterprises.
An exchange consists of electronic components and in older systems also
human operators that interconnect (switch) telephone subscriber lines or
virtual circuits of digital systems to establish telephone calls between
subscribers
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Signalling equipments

 A telephone exchange is a telephone system located at service centers

(central offices) responsible for a small geographic area that provided the
switching or interconnection of two or more individual subscriber lines for
calls made between them, rather than requiring direct lines between
subscriber stations.
 This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes,
businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and
comfortable communication tool for everyday use, and it gave the
impetus for the creation of a whole new industrial sector
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TELECOM EXCHANGE TECHNOLOGIES

 Manual service is a condition in which a human telephone operator routes

calls inside an exchange without the use of a dial.
 Dial service is when an exchange routes calls by a switch interpreting
nalyse digits.
 A telephone switch is the switching equipment of an exchange.
 A concentrator is a device that concentrates traffic, be it remote or co-
located with the switch.
 An off-hook condition represents a circuit that is in use, e.g., when a phone
call is in progress
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Test And Measuring Instruments

 Spectrometer
 Chromameter
 Power harmonics Analyser
 Digital Storage Oscillascope
 Automatic relay testing jig
 High voltage tester
 Insulation resistance meter
 Cable testing equipements
 Tensile strength testing Machines
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AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE

 Automatic exchanges, or dial service, came into existence in the early 20th
century.
 Their purpose was to eliminate the need for human switchboard
operators who completed the connections required for a telephone call.
 Automation replaced human operators with electromechanical systems
and telephones were equipped with a dial by which a caller transmitted
the destination telephone number to the automatic switching system
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OPTICAL FIBRE

 An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made

by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of
a human hair.
 Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between
the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic
communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances
and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables
 Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them
with less loss; in addition, fibers are immune to electromagnetic
interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer excessively
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Advantages

 High bandwidth
 Immunity to ekectromagnetic interference
 Low attenuation loss over long distance
 Electrical insulator
 Material cost and theft protection
 Security of information passed down the cable
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Types of optical fibre

 Single mode -Only one signal can be transmitted use of signal frequency
 Multi mode
Several signal can be transmitted
several frequencies used to modulate the signal
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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

 When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a

steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is
completely reflected. This is called total internal reflection. This effect is
used in optical fibers to confine light in the core.
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Thank You