Motivation

• Long history- desire of human to harness

materials and forces of nature
• Early examples:
a) The first feedback control device on record is
thought to be the ancient Ktesibios's water clock in
Alexandria, Egypt around the third century B.C
b) The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe
in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing
figures that would repeat the same task over and
over again
• Ktesibios's Water Clock

Automata example using LEGO

 Modern Control Systems

• Power Plant Control

• Fighter Jet
• High speed trains

• Basically control system is

everywhere……………………
 Top level of
large
projects

Control Multi-
Hardware
and Software System discipline
(cross fields)
Engineer

Aware of
current and
future
technologies
 Control System Integration

System/
Input Controller Output
Plant

PLC Any type of Actuators:

Sensors system to be Motor
Microcontroller controlled Valve
SCADA Conveyor Belt
Computer
Sensors • Sensor is the eye of the system

Controller • Brain of the system

Actuator • Ability to affect

 In Conclusions……

BETTER SENSOR will provide better vision

BETTER ACTUATOR provide better muscle

BETTER CONTROL provide more finesse by combining

sensors and actuator in an intelligent way.
Intelligent Control Algorithms
e.g.
Basic/ Conventional:
PID (Proportional-Derivative- Integral)

Advance:
-Model predictive Control
-Artificial Intelligence
 Disturbances

One interesting thing in real-life control system is the act of

disturbances that will affect the performance of the control
systems.

e.g. Cruise control in cars have to cope with different road

conditions and gradients in order to maintain the car speed.
 Control Algorithms
e.g.
Basic/ Conventional:
PID (Proportional-Derivative- Integral)

Advance:
-Model predictive Control
-Artificial Intelligence
 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Cost benefit analysis is important for control system
engineer in order to justify the expenditure for a particular
system.

For example:
An engineer incorporate a very intelligent controller for a
simple water level control. It is an overkill to use a very
intelligent controller for a simple system. The control
objective can be achieved by using a simple controller such
as PID.
 GRAPH in CONTROL SYSTEM
In Control System, Graph is your friend. Don’t be intimidated by
graph. The objective of graph is to illustrate the data to the user.
So, the user can see the results clearly and perform necessary
calculations.

DON’T BE AFRAID/
CONFUSED WITH THIS
GRAPH!!!!
 MATH in Control System
• Algebra
• Differentiation/ Integration
• Laplace transform

Circuit Analysis
• Ohm’s Law
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
• Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
• Mesh/Nodal/Thevenin analysis
 GROUP WORK/ DISCUSSION
Assemble into a group of five. Name your group according to a well-known
scientist/engineer/technologist.

Give one example of a modern control system in real-life. You should also
identify the selected system’s;

• Sensor
• Actuator
• Controller
• Example of disturbance

Time: 15 minutes:
BACK TO HIGH SCHOOL
 Math Notes
Differentiation rules:

Power rule:

f(x)= 𝑥 𝑛 f’(x)= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 -1
Product rule:

D {f(x).g(x)} = f(x)g’(x) + f’(x)g(x)

 Math Example 1
Find df/dx

f(x)= 15𝑥 100 − 3𝑥 12 + 5𝑥 − 46

f’(x)= 15(100)𝑥 99 −3(12)𝑥11 + 5(1)𝑥 0 − 0
=1500𝑥 99 − 36𝑥 11 + 5
 Math Example 2
Find df/dx or y’

𝑦′(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 + 2)
= x 3 − 7x − 1 5 + (3x 2 +7)(5x+2)
= 5x 3 + 35x − 5 + (15x 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 35𝑥 + 14)
= 20𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 70𝑥 + 9