Enterprise Computing With Java

Enterprise Computing with Java
(MCA-305)
UNIT - I
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Sunil Pratap Singh Unit 1
Java, J2SE, J2EE and J2ME
• “Java” refers to both, a language and a platform.
• The Java programming language is a high-level, object-oriented

language that has a particular syntax and style.
• A Java platform is a particular environment in which Java programming

language applications run.
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© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s
Vidyapeeth’s Institute
Institute of
of Computer
Computer Applications
Applications and
and Management,
Management, New
New Delhi-63,
Delhi-63, by Dr. Sunil Pratap Singh
Singh Unit
Unit1‹#›
1
Java Programming Language Platforms
• Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
• Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
• Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)
 All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and an

Application Programming Interface (API).
 The JVM is a program, for a particular hardware and software platform,

that runs Java technology applications.
 An API is a collection of software components that you can use to create

other software components or applications.
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Standard Edition (Java SE)
• Java SE platform is:
 the most basic and standard version of Java.
 a basic foundation for all other editions.
 (API) provides the core functionality of the Java programming language.
• Java SE platform consists of:

 a virtual machine,
 development tools,
 deployment technologies, etc. used in Java technology applications.
 mainly used to create applications for Desktop environment.
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Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
• The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform.
• It provides an API and runtime environment for developing and running

large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network
applications.
• It uses many components of SE, as well as, has many new features of
it’s own like Servlets, JavaBeans, etc., adding a whole new
functionalities to the language.
• It uses HTML, CSS, JavaScript etc., so as to create web pages and web
services.
• It is one of the most widely accepted web development standard.
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Micro Edition (Java ME)
• The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint JVM for
running Java programming language applications on small devices, like
mobile phones, set top boxes, etc.
• The API is a subset of the Java SE API, along with special class libraries
useful for small device application development.
• Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform services.
• Most of the apps, developed for the phones (prior to smartphones era),
were built on J2ME platform .
 Old Nokia phones, which used Symbian OS, used this technology.
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JavaFX
• JavaFX is another edition of Java technology, which is now merged with
SE 8.
• It is mainly used to create rich GUI (Graphical User Interface) in Java

applications.
• It replaces Swings (in SE), with itself as the standard GUI library.
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Developing Enterprise Applications
• The Java EE platform is designed to help developers create
 large-scale,
 multi-tiered,
 scalable,
 reliable, and
 secure network applications
• A shorthand name for such applications is “enterprise applications,” so

called because these applications are designed to solve the problems
encountered by large enterprises.
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Multitiered Application Model
• The Java EE platform uses a distributed multi-tiered application model
for enterprise applications.
• In a multi-tiered application, the functionality of the application is
separated into isolated functional areas, called tiers.
• Typically, multi-tiered applications have
 a client tier,
 a middle tier, and
 a data tier (often called the enterprise information systems tier)
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Multitiered Application Model
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Client Tier
• The client tier consists of application clients that access a Java EE server
and that are usually located on a different machine from the server.
• The clients make requests to the server.
• The server processes the requests and returns a response back to the
client.
• A Java EE client can be a web client or an application client.
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Client Tier: Web Clients
• A web client consists of two parts:
1. dynamic web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML,

XML, and so on), which are generated by web components running in the
web tier, and
2. a web browser, which renders the pages received from the server
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Client Tier: Application Clients
• An application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for
users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be
provided by a markup language.
• It typically has a GUI created from the Swing or the AWT API.
• A command-line interface is also possible.
• Many different types of applications can be Java EE clients, and they are
not always, or even often Java applications.
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Client Tier: Web and Application Clients
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Web Tier
• The web tier consists of components that handle the interaction
between clients and the business tier.
• Its primary tasks are the following:
 dynamically generate content in various formats for the client
 collect input from users of the client interface and return appropriate
results from the components in the business tier
 control the flow of screens or pages on the client
 maintain the state of data for a user's session
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Web Components
• Servlets
 Servlets are Java programming language classes that dynamically process
requests and construct responses
• JavaServer Pages (JSP)
 JSP pages are text-based documents that execute as servlets and define
how dynamic content can be added to static pages, such as HTML pages
• JavaServer Faces
 JavaServer Faces technology builds on servlets and JSP technology and
provides a user interface component framework for web applications.
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Web Tier and Java EE Applications
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Business Tier
• The business tier consists of components that provide the business
logic for an application.
• Business logic is code that provides functionality to a particular

business domain, like the financial industry, or an e-commerce site.
• In a properly designed enterprise application, the core functionality

exists in the business tier components.
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Business Components
• Enterprise JavaBeans
 Components that encapsulate the core functionality of an application.
 Business code, which is logic that solves or meets the needs of a particular
business domain such as banking, retail, or finance, is handled by
enterprise beans running in the business tier.
• Java Persistence API Entities
 An API for accessing data in underlying data stores and mapping that data
to Java programming language objects.
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Business Tier
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Enterprise Information Systems Tier
• The enterprise information systems (EIS) tier consists of database
servers and other legacy data sources.
• It may contain data-related logic in the form of stored procedures.
• These resources typically are located on a separate machine than the

Java EE server, and are accessed by components on the business tier.
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Characteristics of n-tier Architecture
• Deployment costs are low
 It is much cheaper to deploy and configure software in a controlled server-side
environment than to deploy software on thousands of end user terminals.
• Database switching costs are low

 Clients no longer access the database directly, but rather go through the middle
tier for data access. This enables to migrate database schemas, change to
different database drivers, or even change your persistent storage type without
re-deploying clients.
• Scalability
 The key benefit of three-tier is improved scalability since the application servers
can be deployed on many machines. Also, the database no longer requires a
connection from every client; it only requires connections from a smaller number
of application servers.
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• Business logic migration costs are low
 Changing the business logic layer may not necessitate recompiling and
redeploying the client tier
• Maintenance costs are high
 You are deploying in three or more physically separate tiers. Software
installation costs, software upgrade costs, redeployment costs, and
administration costs increase significantly
• Improved Security
 Security is improved since it can be implemented at multiple levels (not
just the database)
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• Improved Availability
 Mission-critical applications can make use of redundant application servers
and redundant database servers. With redundant servers, it is possible to
architect an application so that it can recover from network or server
failures
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MVC
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What is Servlet?
• Servlet can be described in many ways, depending on the context:
 Servlet is a technology used to create web applications
 Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces and classes including

documentations
 Servlet is an interface that must be implemented for creating any servlet
 Servlet is a class that extend the capabilities of the servers and respond to
the incoming request. It can respond to any type of requests
 Servlet is a web component that is deployed on the server to create

dynamic web page
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Advantages of Servlets
• In order to understand the advantages of servlets, consider a request
for a static web page:
 A user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into a browser.
 The browser generates an HTTP request to the appropriate web server.
 The web server maps this request to a specific file.
 That file is returned in an HTTP response to the browser.
 The HTTP header in the response indicates the type of the content.
 The Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) are used for this purpose.
For example, ordinary ASCII text has a MIME type of text/plain. The Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) source code of a web page has a MIME type of
text/html.
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• Now consider a request for dynamic web page:
(Assume that an online store uses a database to store information about its
business. This would include items for sale, prices, availability, orders, and so forth. It
wishes to make this information accessible to customers via web pages. The
contents of those web pages must be dynamically generated to reflect the latest
information in the database.)
 In the early days of the Web, a server could dynamically construct a page by
creating a separate process to handle each client request.
 The process would open connections to one or more databases in order to obtain
the necessary information.
 It communicated with the web server via an interface known as the Common
Gateway Interface (CGI).
 CGI allowed the separate process to read data from the HTTP request and write
data to the HTTP response.
 A variety of different languages were used to build CGI programs. These included
C, C++, and Perl.
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Problems with CGI / Advantages of Servlets
• CGI suffered serious performance problems:
 It was expensive in terms of processor and memory resources to create a
separate process for each client request
 For each request, it starts a process and Web server is limited to start
processes.
 It was also expensive to open and close database connections for each
client request
 If number of clients increases, it takes more time for sending response.
 In addition, the CGI programs were not platform-independent.
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• Servlets offer several advantages in comparison with CGI:
 Performance is significantly better because it creates a thread for each request
not process
 Servlets are platform-independent because they are written in Java
 The Java security manager on the server enforces a set of restrictions to protect
the resources on a server machine
 The full functionality of the Java class libraries is available to a servlet. It can
communicate with applets, databases, or other software via the sockets and RMI
mechanisms
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Life Cycle of a Servlet
• Consider a typical user scenario to understand life cycle of a servlet:
 First, assume that a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to a

web browser. The browser then generates an HTTP request for this URL.
This request is then sent to the appropriate server.
 Second, this HTTP request is received by the web server. The server maps
this request to a particular servlet. The servlet is dynamically retrieved and
loaded into the address space of the server.
 Third, the server invokes the init() method of the servlet. This method is
invoked only when the servlet is first loaded into memory. It is possible to
pass initialization parameters to the servlet so it may configure itself.
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Life Cycle of a Servlet
 Fourth, the server invokes the service() method of the servlet. This method is
called to process the HTTP request. It is possible for the servlet to read data that
has been provided in the HTTP request. It may also formulate an HTTP response
for the client. The servlet remains in the server’s address space and is available to
process any other HTTP requests received from clients. The service() method is
called for each HTTP request.
 Finally, the server may decide to unload the servlet from its memory. The
algorithms by which this determination is made are specific to each server. The
server calls the destroy() method to relinquish any resources such as file handles
that are allocated for the servlet. The memory allocated for the servlet and its
objects can then be garbage collected.
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HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is application-level protocol
used to establish communication between client and server.
• HTTP is TCP/IP based communication protocol, which is used to deliver

the data like image files, query results, HTML files etc. on the World
Wide Web (WWW).
• It provides the standardized way for computers to communicate with

each other.
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Characteristics of HTTP
• It is the protocol that allows web servers and browsers to exchange
data over the web.
• It is a request response protocol.
• It uses the reliable TCP connections on port 80.
• It is stateless (each request is considered as the new request).
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HTTP Requests
• The request sent by the computer to a web server that contains all
sorts of potentially interesting information is known as HTTP request.
• The HTTP client sends the request to the server in the form of request
message which includes following main information:
 Analysis of source IP address, proxy and port
 Analysis of destination IP address, protocol, port and host
 Requested URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
 A URI is a sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource.
 Request method and Content
 Connection control header

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HTTP Request Methods
• The HTTP request method indicates the method to be performed on the
resource identified by the requested URI
• Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a client and
server are: GET and POST
• GET: Requests data from a specified resource
 The query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET request:
 /test/demo_form.php?name1=value1&name2=value2
• POST: Submits data to be processed to a specified resource

 The query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the HTTP message body of a POST
request:
 POST /test/demoform.php HTTP/1.1
Host: w3schools.com
name1=value1&name2=value2
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GET vs. POST
• GET
 In case of Get request, only limited amount of data can be sent because data is sent in
header
 Get request is not secured because data is exposed in URL bar
 Get request can be bookmarked
 Get request is idempotent. It means second request will be ignored until response of
first request is delivered
 Get request is more efficient and used more than Post
• POST
 In case of post request, large amount of data can be sent because data is sent in body
 Post request is secured because data is not exposed in URL bar
 Post request cannot be bookmarked
 Post request is non-idempotent
 Post request is less efficient and used less than get
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A Simple Servlet
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class HelloServlet extends GenericServlet
{
public void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response) throws ServletException,
IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("<B>Hello!");
pw.close();
}
}
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How a Servlet Works
1. User sends request for a servlet by clicking a link that has URL to a
servlet.
Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com
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How a Servlet Works
2. The container finds the servlet using deployment descriptor and
creates two objects:
 HttpServletRequest
 HttpServletResponse
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How a Servlet Works
3. Then the container creates or allocates a thread for that request and
calls the Servlet's service() method and passes the request,
response objects as arguments.
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How a Servlet Works
4. The service() method, then decides which servlet method, doGet() or doPost()
to call, based on HTTP request method (GET, POST, etc.) sent by the client.
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How a Servlet Works
5. Then the Servlet uses response object to write the response back to the
client.
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How a Servlet Works
6. After the service() method is completed the thread dies. And the
request and response objects are ready for garbage collection.
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Servlet API
• Servlet API consists of two important packages that encapsulates all the
important classes and interface, namely:
 javax.servlet
 javax.servlet.http
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Servlet API: Interfaces of javax.servlet
• Main interfaces of javax.servlet package
 Servlet – Declares life cycle methods {init(), service(), and destroy()} for a servlet
 ServletRequest – Used to read data from a client request
 ServletResponse – Used to write data to a client response
 ServletConfig – Allows servlets to get initialization parameters
 RequestDispatcher - Defines an object that receives requests from the client and
sends them to any resource (such as a servlet, HTML file, or JSP file) on the server
 ServletContext - Defines a set of methods that a servlet uses to communicate

with its servlet container, for example, to get the MIME type of a file, dispatch
requests, or write to a log file
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Servlet API: Classes of javax.servlet
• Main classes of javax.servlet package
 GenericServlet (Abstract Class)
java.lang.Object
∟javax.servlet.GenericServlet
 ServletException
java.lang.Object
∟java.lang.Throwable
∟java.lang.Exception
∟javax.servlet.ServletException
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Servlet Interface
• Servlet Interface
 Servlet Interface provides five methods. Out of these five methods, three
methods are servlet life cycle methods and rest two are non life cycle methods.
 Methods:
 void init(ServletConfig)
 void service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) Servlet Life Cycle Methods
(called by servlet container )
 void destroy()
 ServletConfig getServletConfig() - Returns a ServletConfig object, which contains
initialization and startup parameters for this servlet.
 String getServletInfo() - Returns information about the servlet, such as author, version,
and copyright.
• Note: A servlet container (web container) is a component of web server that interacts with Java servlets. It
provides run time environment for Java applications. It performs many operations including life cycle
management and multithreaded.
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ServletRequest Interface
• Main methods of ServletRequest interface
 String getParameter(String) - Returns the value of a request parameter as a String, or null if

the parameter does not exist.
 Enumeration getParameterNames() - Returns an Enumeration of String objects

containing the names of the parameters contained in this request.
 RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String) - Returns a RequestDispatcher object

that acts as a wrapper for the resource located at the given path.
 void setAttributes(String, Object) - Stores an attribute in this request.
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ServletResponse Interface
• Main methods of ServletResponse interface
 void setContentType(String) - Sets the content type of the response being

sent to the client, if the response has not been committed yet.
 PrintWriter getWriter() - Returns a PrintWriter object that can send

character text to the client.
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ServletDispatcher Interface
• Main methods of ServletDispatcher interface
 void forward(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Forwards a request from

a servlet to another resource (servlet, JSP file, or HTML file) on the server.
 void include(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Includes the content of a

resource (servlet, JSP page, HTML file) in the response.
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Working of forward() Method
Source of Figure: https://www.javatpoint.com
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Working of include() Method
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Use of forward() and include() Methods
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ServletConfig Interface
• When Web Container initializes a servlet, it creates a ServletConfig object for
servlet.
• ServletConfig object is used to pass information to a servlet during
initialization by getting configuration information from web.xml.
• Main methods of ServletConfig interface

 String getInitParameter(String) - Returns a String containing the value of
the named initialization parameter, or null if the parameter does not exist.
 ServletContext getServletContext() - Returns a reference to the
ServletContext in which this servlet/caller is executing.
 String getServletName() - Returns the name of this servlet instance.
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Example of ServletConfig Program
Name of Parameter
Value of Parameter
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ServletContext Interface
• For every Web Application a ServletContext object is created by the Web
Container.
• ServletContext object is used to get configuration information from web.xml
which will be available to any servlet or JSPs that are part of the Application.
• Main methods of ServletContext interface
 String getInitParameter(String) - Returns a String containing the value of the named
context-wide initialization parameter, or null if the parameter does not exist.
 void addAttribute(String, Object) - Binds an object to a given attribute name in this servlet
context.
 void removeAttribute(String) - Removes the attribute with the given name from the servlet
context.
 ServletContext getContext(String uriPath) - Returns a ServletContext object that
corresponds to a specified URL on the server.
 String getMimeType (String file) - Returns the MIME type of the specified file, or null if
the MIME type is not known.
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Example of ServletContext Program
<context-param> is for whole application so it is put inside the <web-app>
tag but outside any <servlet>tag
Value of Parameter
Name of Parameter
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ServletContext vs. ServletConfig
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GenericServlet Class
• Main methods of GenericServlet class
 void init(ServletConfig) - Called by the servlet container to indicate to a servlet
that the servlet is being placed into service.
 abstract void service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Called by the servlet

container to allow the servlet to respond to a request.
 void destroy() - Called by the servlet container to indicate to a servlet that the
servlet is being taken out of service.
 String getInitParameter(String) - Returns a String containing the value of the

named initialization parameter, or null if the parameter does not exist.
 ServletConfig getServletConfig() - Returns this servlet's ServletConfig object.
 ServletContext getServletContext() - Returns a reference to the ServletContext in

which this servlet is running.
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GenericServlet Class
• Main methods of GenericServlet class (contd..)
 String getServletInfo() - Returns information about the servlet, such as
author, version, and copyright.
 String getServletName() - Returns the name of this servlet instance.
 void log(String) - Writes the specified message to a servlet log file.
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Servlet API: Interfaces and Classes of javax.servlet.http
• Main interfaces of javax.servlet.http package

 HttpServletRequest – Enables servlets to read data from an HTTP request.
 HttpServletResponse – Enables servlets to write data to an HTTP response.
 HttpSession – Allow session data to be read and written.
• Main classes of javax.servlet.http package

• Cookie – Allows state information to be stored on a client machine.
• HttpServlet – Provides methods to handle HTTP requests and responses.
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Methods of HttpServletRequest Interface
ServletRequest
∟HttpServletRequest
• Main methods of HttpServletRequest interface
 Cookie [] getCookies() - Returns an array containing all of the Cookie objects
the client sent with this request.
 String getMethod() - Returns the name of the HTTP method with which this
request was made, for example, GET, POST, etc.
 String getQueryString() - Returns the query string that is contained in the

request URL after the path.
 HttpSession getSession() - Returns the current session associated with this

request, or if the request does not have a session, creates one.
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Methods of HttpServletResponse Interface
ServletResponse
∟HttpServletResponse
• Main methods of HttpServletResponse interface
 void addCookie(Cookie ck) - Adds the specified cookie to the response.
 void addHeader(String name, String value) - Adds a response header with the
given name and value.
 void sendError(int sc) - Sends an error response to the client using the
specified status code.
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Methods of HttpServlet Class
Object
∟GenericServlet
∟HttpServlet (Abstract Class) implements Servlet, ServletConfig
• HttpServlet is an abstract class which is to be subclassed to create an HTTP

servlet suitable for a Web Application.
• A subclass of HttpServlet must override at least one method, usually one of

these:
 doGet(), doPost(), doPut(), doDelete(), init(), destroy(), getServletInfo()
 There's almost no reason to override the service method. service handles

standard HTTP requests by dispatching them to the handler methods for each
HTTP request type (the doXXX methods listed above).
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Session Management
• Managing Session in Servlet
 Session is a conversional state between client and server and it can
consists of multiple request and response between client and server.
 As HTTP is a stateless protocol, all requests and responses are
independent.
 Sometimes we need to keep track of client's activity across multiple
requests.
 For eg., when a user logs into a website, not matter on which web page he visits after
logging in, his credentials will be with the server, until he logs out.
 This is managed by creating a session.
 Session Management (also known as Session Tracking) is a mechanism used by

the Web Container to store session information for a particular user.
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Session Management in Servlet
• Techniques used by Servlet Application for Session Management:
 Cookies
 HttpSession
 Hidden Form Field
 URL Rewriting
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Working of Session
• Whenever a user starts using application, a unique identification information
about him/her can be saved in an object which is available throughout the
application, until its destroyed.
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Using Cookies for Session Management
• Cookies are small pieces of information that are sent in response from the
web server to the client.
• Cookies are the simplest technique used for storing client state.
• Cookies are stored on client's computer. They have a lifespan and are
destroyed by the client browser at the end of that lifespan.
• Cookies are created using Cookie class present in Servlet API.
• Cookies are added to response object using the addCookie() method. This
method sends cookie information over the HTTP response stream.
• getCookies() method is used to access the cookies that are added to response
object.
 Using Cookies for storing client state has one shortcoming though, if the client has turned
off Cookie saving settings in his browser then, client state can never be saved.
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Using Cookies for Session Management
• Creating a new Cookie (Example)
Cookie ck = new Cookie(“userName”, name);
• Setting Lifespan for a Cookie
ck.setMaxAge(100);  Time is Seconds
• Sending Cookie to Client
response.addCookie(ck);
• Getting Cookies from Client Request
Cookie [] cks = request.getCookies();
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Program of Cookie
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Program of Cookie
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Program of Cookie
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Using HttpSession for Session Management
• HttpSession interface enables a servlet to read and write the state

information that is associated with an HTTP session.
• We can store, retrieve and remove attribute from HttpSession object.
• Any servlet can have access to HttpSession object throughout

the getSession() method of the HttpServletRequest.
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Working of HttpSession
• On client's first request, the Web Container generates a unique session ID and
gives it back to the client with response. This is a temporary session created
by web container.
• The client sends back the session ID with each request. Making it easier for
the web container to identify where the request is coming from.
• The Web Container uses this ID, finds the matching session with the ID and
associates the session with the request.
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Using HttpSession for Session Management
• Creating a new session:-
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
getSession() returns a session . If the session already exist, it returns the
existig else creates a new session.
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
getSession(true) always returns a new session.
• Getting a pre-existing session:-

HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
getSession() returns a pre-existing session.
• Destroying a session:-
session.invalidate();
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Methods of HttpSession
• Main methods of HttpSession interface
 long getCreationTime() - Returns the time when the session was

created.
 String getId() - Returns a string containing the unique identifier

assigned to the session.
 long getLastAccessedTime() - Returns the last time the client

sent a request associated with the session.
 void invalidate() - Destroy the session.
 boolean isNew() - Returns true if the session is new else false.
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Program of HttpSession
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Using URL Rewriting for Session Management
• In URL rewriting, a token(parameter) is added at the end of the URL.

• The token consist of name/value pair separated by an equal (=) sign.
• The token (parameter) part of the requested URL can be fetched and
used for session management.
• getParameter() method is used to get the parameter value at the

server side.
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Program of URL Rewriting
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Program of URL Rewriting
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Using Hidden Form Field for Session Management
• In case of hidden form field, a hidden field is used to store client state.
• In this case user information is stored in hidden field value and retrieved
from another servlet.
• Advantages:
 Does not have to depend on browser whether the cookie is disabled or not.
 Inserting a simple HTML Input field of type hidden is required. Hence, its easier to
implement.
• Disadvantages:
 Extra form submission is required on every page. This is a big overhead.
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Hidden Form Field: Working
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Hidden Form Field: Example
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException
{
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
//Getting value submitted in form from HTML file

String user = request.getParameter("user");
//Creating a new hidden form field

out.println("<form action='Second'>");
out.println("<input type='hidden' name='user' value='"+user+"'>");
out.println("<input type='submit' value='submit' >");
out.println("</form>");
}
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Bibliography
• https://docs.oracle.com
• http://www.studytonight.com
• https://www.javatpoint.com
• https://way2java.com
• “Inside Servlets” by Dustin R. Callaway
• “Enterprise Java Computing: Applications and Architectures” by Govind Sesadari
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Enterprise Computing With Java

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Enterprise Computing With Java

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Enterprise Computing with Java

• The Java programming language is a high-level, object-oriented

• A Java platform is a particular environment in which Java programming

 All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and an

 The JVM is a program, for a particular hardware and software platform,

 An API is a collection of software components that you can use to create

• Java SE platform consists of:

• It provides an API and runtime environment for developing and running

• Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform services.

• It is mainly used to create rich GUI (Graphical User Interface) in Java

• A shorthand name for such applications is “enterprise applications,” so

• The clients make requests to the server.

• A Java EE client can be a web client or an application client.

1. dynamic web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML,

• A command-line interface is also possible.

 control the flow of screens or pages on the client

 maintain the state of data for a user's session

• Business logic is code that provides functionality to a particular

• In a properly designed enterprise application, the core functionality

 Components that encapsulate the core functionality of an application.

• Java Persistence API Entities

• It may contain data-related logic in the form of stored procedures.

• These resources typically are located on a separate machine than the

• Database switching costs are low

 Servlet is a technology used to create web applications

 Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces and classes including

 Servlet is an interface that must be implemented for creating any servlet

 Servlet is a web component that is deployed on the server to create

 The browser generates an HTTP request to the appropriate web server.

 The web server maps this request to a specific file.

 That file is returned in an HTTP response to the browser.

 First, assume that a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to a

• HTTP is TCP/IP based communication protocol, which is used to deliver

• It provides the standardized way for computers to communicate with

 Analysis of destination IP address, protocol, port and host

 Requested URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

 A URI is a sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource.

 Request method and Content

 Connection control header

• POST: Submits data to be processed to a specified resource

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

Source of Figure: http://www.studytonight.com

 ServletRequest – Used to read data from a client request

 ServletResponse – Used to write data to a client response

 ServletConfig – Allows servlets to get initialization parameters

 ServletContext - Defines a set of methods that a servlet uses to communicate

 String getParameter(String) - Returns the value of a request parameter as a String, or null if

 Enumeration getParameterNames() - Returns an Enumeration of String objects

 RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String) - Returns a RequestDispatcher object

 void setAttributes(String, Object) - Stores an attribute in this request.

 void setContentType(String) - Sets the content type of the response being

 PrintWriter getWriter() - Returns a PrintWriter object that can send

 void forward(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Forwards a request from

 void include(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Includes the content of a

Source of Figure: https://www.javatpoint.com

Source of Figure: https://www.javatpoint.com

Source of Figure: https://www.javatpoint.com

• Main methods of ServletConfig interface

 abstract void service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) - Called by the servlet