PRESENTED BY- Sudeb Sarkar (A4455715002)

Khanak Bhargava (A4455715003)

Megha Rani (A4455715005)
 Variable conversion Signal Controller/indicator/re
Physical System Sensor element processing/manipulation corder
 Firstly to understand what a sensor is, we take the example of a
mercury thermometer. A mercury thermometer is used to
measure the temperature of a physical system.
 What a sensor basically does is that it gives an output as a function
of the quantity being measured.
 In case of a thermometer the quantity being measured is
temperature, and the output is the level of mercury which is a
function of the temperature.
 In this case, the sensor has an output which is easily perceivable
by the end user. Therefore the other steps are not required.
However this is not the case for most other instrumentation
systems.
• This works on the principle that
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝑎
Where 𝜌 is resistivity, 𝑙 is length and 𝑎 is area.
• So when stress on a material needs to be
measured, this stress gauge is pasted on that
material.
• When tension is applied, i.e., the material is
stretched, length increases, therefore
Resistance increases.
• When compression is applied, the length
decreases and therefore Resistance decreases.
 Now why I’m telling you this is because change in Resistance
cannot be measured on its own.
 We need a wheatstone bridge in order to measure this change in
resistance. Therefore what the wheatstone bridge is doing, is that
it is converting the output from our sensor (strain gauge) and
converting it, such that we can measure that quantity.
 Therefore, this combination of the strain gauge (sensor) and the
wheatstone bridge (variable conversion element) makes up our
transducer.
 Therefore broadly speaking in terms of a measurement system, a
transducer is the combination of a sensor and variable conversion
element.
An electronic instrumentation system consists of a number of
components to perform a measurement and record its results.
The measurement system consists of three major components.
These are-
 An input device,
 A signal conditioning or processing device,
 An input device.
The input device receives the quantity under measurement and delivers a
proportional or analogous electrical signal to signal conditioning device.
The signal is amplified, attenuated, filtered, modulated, or otherwise
modified in the format acceptable to the output device.
The input quantity for most instrumentation system is a “non-electrical
quantity”, which is converted into an “electrical quantity” by a device
called transducer.
Transducer is defined as a device which when actuated transforms one
form of energy to another.
The broad definition of transducer includes, for example,
devices which convert mechanical force into an electric signal.
These devices form a very large and important group of
transducers commonly used in industrial instrumentation area.
Many other physical parameters such as heat, intensity of light,
flow rate, liquid level, humidity and pH value may also be
converted into electrical form by means of transducers.
These transducers provide an output signal when stimulated by a
mechanical or non-mechanical input- a photoconductor converts
light intensity into change of resistance, a thermocouple converts
heat energy into electric voltage, a force produces a change of
resistance in a strain gauge, an acceleration produces a voltage in
piezo-electric crystal and so on.
The transducers can be classified –
 On the basis of transduction used.
 As primary and secondary transducers.
 As active and passive transducers.
 As analog and digital transducers.
 As transducers and inverse transducers.
THANK YOU!