Power Quality: Unit - 3

Power Quality
Unit – 3
Single and Three phase Voltage Sag

Characterization
Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 1

Single and Three phase Voltage Sag Characterization….
Voltage Sag
Effects of Voltage Sag on Power Systems and Equipment
• Generally speaking, electrical equipment work best under rated V and will
stop operating if V=0 for a certain period.
• Effects of Voltage Sag on Power Systems and Equipment: will stop within
one second (desktop computers) and others longer (e.g., lap-tops for
hours).
• For each equipment it is possible to determine how long it operates after
interruption by performing a simple test.
• The same test can be repeated for different voltage magnitudes (e.g., 90%,
80%,…., 10% of Vrated).
• Connecting points >>>>> “Voltage-Tolerance Curve”.
• Equipment have different voltage-tolerance curves.

VOLTAGE SAG
• A voltage magnitude event with a

Voltage Sag
magnitude between 10% and 90% of the
nominal RMS voltage and duration
Voltage magnitude (%)

100
between 0.5 cycles and one minute. [ieee 80

Voltaje sag
Voltage sag
std. 1159]. 60 duration
magnitude
40
20
20 100 200 300 400 500

Time (ms)

Voltage-tolerance Curve
(Requirement) for Power Stations

Voltage Tolerance Range of Various Equipment
A voltage tolerance of “ ms, %” implies that the equipment can tolerate a zero voltage of “ ms” and
a voltage of “%” of the nominal indefinitely.

Voltage-tolerance curve was introduced by Thomas Key (1978) for reliability of power supply to military
installations >>> became well-known when Computer Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
CBEMA Curve (CBEMA) used them >>>> CBEMA Curve

In 1996 CBEMA curve was replaced by the ITIC Curve, as recommended by the Information Technology
Industry Council.
ITIC Curve

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG

Voltage Sag
Effects of Voltage Sag on Power Systems and Equipment
• Generally speaking, electrical equipment work best under rated V and will
stop operating if V=0 for a certain period.
• So1.5.3 Effects of Voltage Sag on Power Systems and Equipment me
equipment will stop within one second (desktop computers) and others
longer (e.g., lap-tops for hours).
• For each equipment it is possible to determine how long it operates after
interruption by performing a simple test.
• The same test can be repeated for different voltage magnitudes (e.g., 90%,
80%,…., 10% of Vrated).
• Connecting points >>>>> “Voltage-Tolerance Curve”.
• Equipment have different voltage-tolerance curves.

MULTI PHASE SAGS AND SINGLE PHASE

SAGS
• SINGLE PHASE SAGS
• The most common voltage sags, over 70%, are single phase events which are typically
due to a phase to ground fault occurring somewhere on the system. This phase to
ground fault appears as a single phase voltage sag on other feeders from the same
substation. Typical causes are lightning strikes, tree branches, animal contact etc. It is
not uncommon to see single phase voltage sags to 30% of nominal voltage or even
lower in industrial plants.

Voltage Sag Caused by a Single Line to Ground Fault

• PHASE TO PHASE SAGS

• 2 phase, phase to phase sags may be caused by tree branches, adverse weather,
animals or vehicle collision with utility poles. The two phase voltage sag will typically
appear on other feeders from the same substation.

• 3 PHASE SAGS
• Symmetrical 3 phase sags account for less than 20% of all sag events and are caused
either by switching or tripping of a 3 phase circuit breaker, switch or recloser which will
create a 3 phase voltage sag on other lines fed from the same substation.
• 3 phase sags will also be caused by starting large motors but this type of event typically
causes voltage sags to approximately 80% of nominal voltage and are usually confined
to an industrial plant or its immediate neighbours

Voltage Sag Due to a Three-phase Short Circuit Fault

(Instantaneous Voltage in One Phase)

WHERE DO VOLTAGE SAGS OCCUR?

1.UTILITY SYSTEMS
• Voltage sags can occur on utility systems
both at distribution voltages and
transmission voltages. voltage sags
which occur at higher voltages will
normally spread through a utility system
and will be transmitted to lower voltage
systems via transformers
PCC = Point of Common Coupling (or Point of Common
Connection) The PCC is a point in the electrical system where
multiple customers or multiple electrical loads may be
connected. According to IEEE-519, this should be a point which
is accessible to both the utility and the customer for direct
measurement.
WHERE DO VOLTAGE SAGS OCCUR?
2. INSIDE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

• Voltage sags can be created within an industrial complex without any influence from the
utility system. These sags are typically caused by starting large motors or by electrical
faults inside the facility.

1. UTILITY SYSTEMS CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

The Voltage sag occurs due to
 Operation of Reclosers and Circuit Breakers

 Equipment Failure
 Bad Weather
 High Wind
 Snow And Ice Problem
 Pollution
 Vehicles
 Animals and Birds
 Construction Activities and
 Transfer of load
CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

1. UTILITY SYSTEMS
• OPERATION OF RECLOSERS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
• If for any reason a sub-station circuit breaker or a recloser is tripped, then the line which
it is feeding will be temporarily disconnected. All other feeder lines from the same
substation system will see this disconnection event as a voltage sag which will spread to
consumers on these other lines (see fig). The depth of the voltage sag at the consumer’s
site will vary depending on the supply line voltage and the distance from the fault.

CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

• EQUIPMENT FAILURE
• If electrical equipment fails due to overloading, cable faults etc, protective equipment will
operate at the sub-station and voltage sags will be seen on other feeder lines across the
utility system
• BAD WEATHER
• Thunderstorms and lightning strikes cause a significant number of voltage sags. If lightning
strikes a power line and continues to ground, this creates a line to ground fault. The line to
ground fault in turn creates a voltage sag and this reduced voltage can be seen over a wide
area. Note that the lightning strike to ground causes voltage sags on all other lines. Circuit
breakers and Reclosers operate more frequently in poor weather conditions.


• High winds can blow tree branches into power lines. As the tree branch strikes the line, a
line to ground fault occurs which creates a voltage sag. If the line protection system
does not operate immediately, a series of sags will occur if the branch repeatedly
touches the power line. Broken branches landing on power lines cause phase to phase
and phase to ground faults
• Snow and ice build up on power line insulators can cause flash-over, either phase to
ground or phase to phase. Similarly snow or ice falling from one line can cause it to
rebound and strike another line. These events cause voltage sags to spread through
other feeders on the system


• POLLUTION
• Salt spray build up on power line insulators over time in coastal areas can cause flash
over especially in stormy weather. Dust in arid inland areas can cause similar problems.
As circuit protector devices operate, voltage sags appear on other feeders
• VEHICLE PROBLEMS
• Utility power lines frequently run alongside public roads. Vehicles occasionally collide
with utility poles causing lines to touch, protective devices trip and voltage sags occur.


• ANIMALS & BIRDS
• Animals particularly squirrels, snakes occasionally find there way onto power lines or
transformers and can cause a short circuit either phase to phase or phase to ground.
large birds, geese and swans, fly into power lines and cause similar faults. while the
creature rarely survives, the protective circuit breaker operates and a voltage sag is
created on other feeders
• CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
• Even when all power lines are underground, digging foundations for new building
construction can result in damage to underground power lines and create voltage sags


• TRANSFER OF LOADS FROM ONE POWER SOURCE TO ANOTHER
• Most facilities contain emergency generators to maintain power to critical loads in case
of an emergency. Sudden application and rejection of loads to a generator could create
significant voltage sags or swells
• During power transfer from the utility to the generator, frequency deviations occur along
with voltage changes. The generator frequency can fluctuate as much as ±5 Hz for a
brief duration during this time. It is once again important to ensure that sensitive loads
can perform satisfactorily within this frequency tolerance for the duration of the
disturbance


• 2. INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
• Voltage sags can be caused within an industrial facility or a group of facilities by the
starting of large electric motors either individually or in groups. The large current inrush
on starting can cause voltage sags in the local or adjacent areas even if the utility line
voltage remains at a constant nominal value


• INDUCTION MOTORS
• Draw starting currents ranging between 600 and 800% of their nominal full load currents.
The current starts at the high value and tapers off to the normal running current in about
2 to 8 sec, based on the motor design and load inertia. Depending on the instant at
which the voltage is applied to the motor, the current can be highly asymmetrical.

Voltage Sag Due to Induction Motor Starting


• ARC FURNACES
• Arc furnaces operate by imposing a short circuit in a batch of metal and then drawing an
arc, which produces temperatures in excess of 10,000°c, which melt the metal batch.
Arc furnaces employ large inductors to stabilize the current due to the arc. Thousands of
amperes are drawn during the initial few seconds of the process.


• Once the arc becomes stable, the current draw becomes more uniform. Due to the
nature of the current drawn by the arc furnace, which is extremely nonlinear, large
harmonic currents are also produced. Severe voltage sags are common in power lines
that supply large arc furnaces.
• furnaces are operated in conjunction with large capacitor banks and harmonic filters to
improve the power factor and also to filter the harmonic frequency currents so they do
not unduly affect other power users sharing the same power lines

• It is not uncommon to see arc furnaces supplied from dedicated utility power lines try to
minimize their impact on other power users. The presence of large capacitance in an
electrical system can result in voltage rise due to the leading reactive power demands of
the capacitors, unless they are adequately canceled by the lagging reactive power
required by the loads. This is why capacitor banks, whether for power factor correction
or harmonic current filtration, are switched on when the furnace is brought on line and
switched off when the arc furnace is off line.

Voltage Sag
Causes of Voltage Sag
• Short interruptions and most long interruptions usually originate in the
local distribution network.
• However, voltage sag is much more of a “global problem” than
interruptions. It can be causes by short-circuit faults hundreds of kilometers
away in the transmission system.
• Primary causes of voltage sags are (see figure next page):
– Starting of large motors
– Energization of heavy loads (e.g., arc furnace).
– Transmission and distribution faults.
– Local starting faults.
– Protection system faults.
– Load transferring from one power source to another.

Voltage sag causes and durations:
1) transmission faults, 2) remote distribution faults,
3) local distribution starting faults, 4) starting of large motors,
5) short interruptions, 6) fuses.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG
• Magnitude of the sag

• Duration of the sag
• Balanced or unbalanced
• Phase-angle jump
• Missing voltage
• Point at which sag initiated ..

Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag Characteristics
Most common terms to define voltage sags are: sag magnitude, sag duration, and phase-angle
jump.
Voltage Sag Magnitude

• Main approaches to compute sag magnitude are from:
– rms voltage,
– fundamental voltage component, or
– peak voltage.
• These values can be computed over each cycle or half-cycle.
• As long as the voltage is sinusoidal, it does not matter which approach
is used.
• But, especially during voltage sag this is not the case.

Estimate the voltage sag magnitude

CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG……
• The magnitude of voltage sag determined from RMS voltage.

• The magnitude of the sag is considered as the residual voltage or remaining voltage during
the event
• RMS value during the sag is not completely constant and that the voltage does not
immediately recover after the fault.
• There are various ways of obtaining the sag magnitude from the RMS voltages.
• Most power quality monitors take the lowest value obtained during the event. As sags
normally have a constant RMS value during the deep part of the sag, using the lowest value
is an acceptable approximation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG……
In the case of a three phase system,

• Voltage sag can also be characterized by the minimum RMS -voltage during the sag if
the sag is symmetrical i.e. equally deep in all three phases
• If the sag is unsymmetrical, i.e. the sag is not equally deep in all three phases, the
phase with the lowest remaining voltage is used to characterize the sag

• The magnitude of voltage sags at a certain point in the system depends

1. The type and the resistance of the fault
2. The distance to the fault
3. The system configuration

using a one-cycle window

Sag Magnitude from
Vrms
using a half -cycle window

Voltage Sag
1 N 2
Vrms   vi
N i 1
Sag Magnitude from Vfun
V fun ( t )   t T v( τ )e jω0 τ dτ
2 t
T
Voltage Sag Sag Magnitude using a half -cycle window

Sag Magnitude from Vpeak
max
V peak 0  τ T v( t  τ )
Voltage Sag Sag Magnitude using a half -cycle window

SAG DURATION
• The duration of voltage sag is mainly determined by the fault–clearing time.

• The actual duration of a sag is normally longer than the fault-clearing time.
• The duration of a voltage sag is the amount of time during which the voltage magnitude
is below threshold is typically chosen as 90% of the nominal voltage magnitude
• For three phase system, consider the three RMS values to find the duration
• The voltage sag starts when at least one of the RMS voltages drops below the sag-
starting threshold. The sag ends when all three voltages have recovered above the sag-
ending threshold

SAG DURATION……..
• The commonly used definition of sag duration is the number of cycles during which the
RMS voltage is below a given threshold.
• This threshold will be somewhat different for each monitor. But typical values are around
90% of the nominal voltage.
• A power quality monitor will typically calculate the RMS value once every cycle

• Post-fault sag will affect the sag duration.

• When the fault is cleared, the voltage does not recover immediately. This is mainly due
to the reenergizing and reacceleration of induction motor load
• This post-fault sag can last several seconds, much longer than the actual sag

• Magnitude-duration plot is a common tool used to show the quality of supply at a certain
location or the average quality of supply of a number of locations as the fault clearing
time depends on the type of transmission distribution system
• Faults in transmission systems are cleared faster than faults in distribution systems. In
transmission systems, the critical fault-clearing time is rather small
• Fast protection and fast circuit breakers are essential
• Distance protection or differential protection, both of which allow for fast clearing of the
fault
• The protection schemes used should have the ability to clear a fault within one half-cycle

Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag Duration
• Protection circuits require different fault-clearing time.
• Downstream faults on transmission are cleared faster than in distribution,
as differential and distance protection are used.
Fault clearing times (longer duration sags occur at lower voltage levels)
• These longer sags are due to faults in local distribution (due to improper start of large induction
motors). They are deeper and last longer than remote distribution faults (due to current-limiting
fuses clearing and Ztransformer btw the fault and load).
Note
• The rms voltage is typically calculated every cycle or half-cycle of
the power system.
• We can conclude that magnitude and duration are the main
characteristics of voltage sag.
• However, the during-sag voltage also contains a rather large
amount of higher frequency components.
• It is important to note the difference between voltage sag and
voltage dip:
– North America states voltage dips as the amount nominal voltage declines
– For example a voltage dip of 30% is the same as a voltage sag to 70%.

Detrimental Effects of Voltage Sag on Equipment
and Power Systems
• Televisions - a black screen for up to a few seconds.
• Compact Disk Players - reset or just wait for a new command.
• Microwaves - loss of memory (settings).
• Desktop Computers - tripping >>> loss of unsaved work.
• Process Control Computers (e.g., of a chemical plant)- tripping
>>> leading to restarting procedures of 48 hours plus
sometimes very dangerous situations.
• Equipment - tripping when the rms voltage drops below 90%
for longer than one or two cycles.

Detrimental Effects of Voltage Sag on Variable
Speed Drives
• Drive controller (or protection)- detect the sudden change in
operating condition and trip.
• The drop in DC bus voltage (resulting from the sag) will cause
maloperation or tripping of the drive controller or the PWM inverter.
• The increased AC current during the sag (or the post-sag over-current)
will charge the DC capacitor and enforce over-current trip or blowing
of fuses.
• The process driven by the motor will not be able to tolerate the drop
in speed or torque variations due to sag.
• After a trip (when the voltage comes back) some drives restart
immediately, some restart after a certain delay and others have to be
manually restarted.
Voltage Sag
Calculations of Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag in Radial Systems
Typical distribution network with load
(letters) and fault positions (numbers)
ZF ZF zL
Vsag  V pcc  E 
Z S  ZF Z S  ZF Z S  z L
ZS V
Lcrit  (wehre z=Zfeeder, L=distance btw fault & pcc)
Z 1  Dr.Kalirasu
V / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 50
for an overhead line at
different fault levels
Fault
Sag MagnitudeSingle
Function of Distance to the
for underground cables with for overhead lines with different

different cross sections cross sections
Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3
as aand Three phase Voltage Sag Characterization….
51
Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag in Non-Radial Systems
• Radial systems are common in low- and medium-voltage networks. At
higher voltage levels, other arrangements are common. Some typical cases
will be discussed:
• Voltage Sag with Local Generators
• Voltage Sag in Subtransmission Loops
• Voltage Sag in Branches From Loops
Voltage Sag with Local Generators
• This will mitigate voltage sags of the load in two ways:
– LG increases fault level (especially for a week system) at distribution bus which
mitigates voltage sags due to faults on distribution feeders,
– LG will also mitigate sags due to faults in rest of system by keeping up voltage at its
local bus & feeding into fault.
The calculation of the sag magnitude

Radial distribution system
A system whereby power is

received at the utility supply
voltage level by a single,
incoming substation.

The calculation of the sag magnitude for a fault
somewhere within a radial distribution system
• ZS is the source impedance at the PCC

and ZF is the impedance between the
PCC and the fault
• The voltage sag at the PCC equals the
voltage at the equipment terminals

calculation of the sag magnitude…..
• Assume that the pre-event voltage is

exactly 1 pu, thus E= 1.

• N is the number of samples per cycle

• Vi is the sampled voltage
• K is the instant at which RMS voltage is
estimated
• RMS value is calculated from previous

samples of voltage- post estimation
• One cycle window algorithm: RMS values
are estimated with one cycle of
instantaneous values

• Half cycle window algorithm: choose

instantaneous values over a half cycle
• More sensitive and faster response than
other

Voltage Sag with Local Generators (LG)
Connection of a local generator to a distribution bus

Z2
Without LG: Vsag  V pcc  Note:
Z2  Z 1
Z3
With LG:
Vsag  min 
Z4 Z3  Z 4
( 1  Vsag )  ( 1  V pcc )
Z 4  Z 3 Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 58
Voltage Sag in Subtransmission Loops
Example of a
Sub-transmission loop
pZ 1 E
( 1  p ) Z1 2E
pZ 1  Z0 p( 1  p ) Z1
Vsag  
( 1  p ) Z1 
pZ 1 Z0
 Z2 pZ 1 Z0  Z 2 ( pZ 1  Z0 )  ( 1  p ) Z 1 ( pZ 1  Z0 )
pZ 1  Z0
2
p( 1  p ) Z1
Assuming E=1: Vsag 
Z0 ( Z1 Dr.Kalirasu
Z 2 )/ 2
EEEpZ 2 /U3 p( 1  p ) Z1
1 Z- PQ
/ NMREC 59
Voltage Sag in Branches from Loops
System with a branch away from a loop
Z 5 Z 2  Z 5 Z3  Z5 Z 4  Z 4 Z 3
Vsag 
Z1Z 2  Z1Z3  Z1Z 4  Z5 Z 2  Z5 Z3  Z5 Z 4  Z 4 Z 2  Z 4 Z3
Voltage Sag
Voltage Sag in Meshed Systems
• When system becomes more complicated, closed expressions for
voltage sag get very complicated/unfeasible.
• Therefore, matrix calculations based on Thevenin’s superposition
theorem and nodal impedance matrix.
• Current & voltages during a sag are sum of two contributions:
• Current & voltages before fault- which are due to all generators across
the system.
• Current & voltages due to change in voltage at fault position- which
are due to the fault originate at a voltage source at fault position with
all other sources short-circuited.

Main Equations (Sag in Meshed Systems)
(0 )
V ZI Vk  Vk  ΔVk ΔVk  Z kf I
V during fault due to fault short-circuit all voltage sources
place a short-circuit at
node f to model the fault Vbefore fault & place Vf(0) at the position
(0 ) Z kf
Vf Z kf
c If  &
(0 )
Vk  Vk 
(0 )
Vf c Vk  1 
Z ff Z ff Z ff
at fault position (k = f), Pre-fault voltages are
we know ΔVf= - Vf(0) normally close to unity
• Therefore, calculation of sag magnitudes is very easy.

• Drawback is that Z needs to be calculated:
– can use a recursive procedure (Z is updated for each added branch)
– or first calculate Y and then finding its inverse.
Voltage Sag
Mitigation of Voltage Sag
• There are various ways to mitigate voltage sag.
• To understand them, the mechanism leading to an equipment trip must be understood:
short circuit equipment extensive voltage

fault trip drops at fault position
• Short circuit faults >>> always cause sag for some consumers.
• Faults in radial parts >>> interruption (due to protection device)
• If resulting event exceeds a certain severity >>> equipment trip.
• Other events such as capacitor switching >>> equipment tripping; however, majority are due to
short-circuit faults.

Voltage Sag
Available Mitigation Approaches
• Reducing the number of short-circuit faults- by replacing

overhead lines by underground cables, cover wires….
(already performed by most utilities).
• Reducing fault-clearing time- this will not reduce
number of events but only their severity.
• Changing the power system- very costly.
• Installing mitigation equipment- such UPS, DVR,& StatCom. Popular (only place customer has control
over situation).
• Improving equipment immunity- most effective solution; but not a short time solution (customer
finds out about equipment immunity after equipment has been installed).
Tutorial
Problem 1.1: Sag calculation (radial power system)
An example of a radial power system supplying an industrial customer
with several large ac and dc adjustable-speed drives is shown in Figure
E1.1.1. The dc and ac drives are fed via dedicated transformers at 420 V
and 660V, respectively. System information including source impedance,
feeder and transformer data are provided in Tables E1.1.1 to E1.1.3.
• Identify pcc points for faults on one of the 11 kV, 33 KV, 132 kV and
400 kV feeders.
• Compute the critical distances (Lcrit) for sag magnitudes of 10%, 30%,
50%, 70% and 90% on the 11 kV, 33 KV, 132 kV and 400 kV feeders.
• Magnitude of the most shallow sag due to a fault at 11 kV.
• Plot the sag magnitude versus distance for faults at various voltage
levels in the supply.
Tutorial
Problem 1.1: Sag calculation (radial power system)

Tutorial
Problem 1.2: Sag Calculation (with local generators)
An example of a system with on-site generation is given in Figure E1.2.1. The industrial loads are fed from a 66 kV, 1700 MVA
substation via two parallel 66/11 kV transformers. The fault level at the 11 kV bus is 720 MVA, which includes the contribution of
two local (on-site) 20 MVA generators with a transient reactance of 17%. The industrial loads are fed from the 11 kV bus. The
feeder impedance at 66 kV is 0.3 /km.
With reference to Figure 1.9 (and Eqs. 1.9) of the notes, we get the following impedance values referred to 66 kV: Z1=2.56 ,
Z3=6.42 , Z4=18.5 , and Z2=(0.3 /km) Lfault where Lfault is the distance of the fault from pcc (the 66 kV bus) in kilometers.
• Calculate the minimum sag magnitude without and with the on-site generator.
• For fault distances of Lfault=10 km and Lfault=20 km, compute the sag magnitude without and with the on-site generator.
• Plot the sag magnitude versus distance without and with the on-site generator.

Tutorial
Problem 1.2: Sag calculation (with local generators)

Tutorial
Problem 1.3: Sag Calculation (for a subtransmission loop
Consider the system of Figure E1.3.1 where a 125 km, 132 kV loop is
connecting a number of substations. Only the substation feeding the load of
interest is shown which is located at 25 km from the main substation. The
fault level at the point of supply is 5000 MVA and the feeder impedance is 0.3
/km.
• Calculate sag voltage for a fault (on 100 km line) located 40 km from the
main substation.
• Calculate sag voltage for a fault (on 25 km line) located 10 km from the
main substation.
• Plot sag magnitude versus the fault position for the 100 km and 25 km
lines.

Tutorial
Problem 1.3: Sag Calculation (for a subtransmission loop

Tutorial
Problem 1.4: Sag Calculation for Meshed Systems
Consider the circuit diagram shown in Figure E1.4.1 representing a 275/400
kV mesh system. Nodes 1 and 2 represent 400 kV substations; nodes 3, 4 and
5 represent 275 kV substations; the branches between 1 and 3 and between
2 and 4 represent transformers (the later two transformers in parallel); and
the impedance values are in percent at a 100 MVA base.
• Build the node admittance matrix.
• Compute the node impedance matrix.
• Compute the voltage at node 5 due to a fault at node 2.
• Construct a table showing voltages at any node of the system due to fault
at any other node.
Tutorial
Problem 1.4: Sag Calculation for Meshed Systems

Power Quality: Unit - 3

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Power Quality

Single and Three phase Voltage Sag

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 1

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 2

• A voltage magnitude event with a

Voltage magnitude (%)

between 0.5 cycles and one minute. [ieee 80

20 100 200 300 400 500

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 3

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 4

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 5

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 6

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 7

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 8

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 9

MULTI PHASE SAGS AND SINGLE PHASE

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 10

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 11

• PHASE TO PHASE SAGS

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 12

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 13

Voltage Sag Due to a Three-phase Short Circuit Fault

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 14

WHERE DO VOLTAGE SAGS OCCUR?

WHERE DO VOLTAGE SAGS OCCUR?

2. INSIDE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 16

1. UTILITY SYSTEMS CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

 Operation of Reclosers and Circuit Breakers

CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

Dr.Kalirasu / EEE / NMREC - PQ / U3 18

CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CAUSES OF VOLTAGE SAGS…….

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CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG

• Magnitude of the sag

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Voltage Sag Magnitude

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Estimate the voltage sag magnitude

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CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE SAG……

• The magnitude of voltage sag determined from RMS voltage.