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Cellular organization
Neurons
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
Neuroglia - glial cell
Astrocyt
Oligodendrocyt
Microglia
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Structural classification
Bipolar neuron
has an axon and a dendrite
Pseudounipolar neuron
has a central branch and a
peripheral branch
Multipolar neuron has an axon
and two or more dendrites
Functional classification
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Association neuron
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Basic terminology in
nervous system
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In the CNS
Substantia grisea :
collection of nerve cell bodies
and their dendrites, gray color
during fresh condition
Cortex : the outermost layer
of gray matter in cerebrum
and cerebellum
Substantia alba: collection of
nerve fibers, white color
during fresh condition
Medulla: a central core of
white matter beneath cortex of
cerebrum and cerebellum
Nucleus: a collection
( group ) of cell bodies which
have the same shape and
function
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Fasciculus ( tractus ): a
bundle of nerve fibers
which have the same
origin, termination,
pathway and function
Reticular formation: an
admixture of cross-
crossing fibers with
larger or smaller groups
of nerve cells occupying
the meshes
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In the PNS
Ganglion : a
collection of neuronal
cell bodies outside the
CNS
Nerve : a bundle of
nerve fibers held
together by connective
tissue sheath
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Neurons
• Dendrites: carry nerve impulses toward cell body
• Axon: carries impulses away from cell body
• Synapses: site of communication between neurons using chemical
neurotransmitters
• Myelin & myelin sheath: lipoprotein covering produced by glial cells
(e.g., Schwann cells in PNS) that increases axonal conduction velocity
• Demyelinating diseases: e.g., Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in CNS or
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in PNS
dendrites
cell
axon with
body
myelin sheath
Schwann
cell
synapses
Moore’s COA5 2006 9
Sensory (Afferent) vs. Motor (Efferent)
sensory (afferent) nerve
CNS
(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting impulses e.g., skin
from sensory organs to the CNS
CNS
e.g., muscle
multipolar neurons conducting impulses
from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands)
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Gray’s Anatomy 38 1999
Structure of Spinal Nerves: Somatic Pathways
dorsal root dorsal
dorsal root ganglion ramus
spinal
dorsal nerve somatic
horn
sensory
nerve
CNS (GSA)
inter-
neuron
ventral ventral somatic
horn ramus motor
nerve
(GSE)
ventral root
white ramus
communicans
Mixed Spinal
sympathetic gray ramus
Nerve ganglion communicans 11
Stimulus
STIMULUS
SENSORIS STIMULUS
- Exteroceptif
- Interoceptif
- Proprioceptif
MOTORIS STIMULUS
Fast Stimulus 10 – 120 m/second
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NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Clinical Diagnosis
2. Topical Diagnosis NEUROANATOMY
3. Ethiological Diagnosis
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
Clinical Neuroanatomy
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References
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