D.C. Generators: Dr. Ir. Hendro Tjahjono, Dea Teknik Elektro Universitas Gunadarma

D.C.
GENERATORS
DR. IR. HENDRO TJAHJONO, DEA
Teknik Elektro Universitas
Gunadarma
03/11/2019 Universitas Gunadarma 1

Materi
• DC Generators
• Principle of operation
• Action of Commutator
• Constructional details of DC Machine
• Types of DC generators
• EMF Equation

DC Generator

DC motor

D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
 DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a
way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and
e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is defined by faradays
law of electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit
changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is
induced in that conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the
rate of change of flux linkages.

Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire
induces an electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.

Lenz’s Law
“The induced currents in a conductor are in such a

direction as to oppose the change in magnetic field
that produces them..”
OR
“The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil
(conductor) is such that it opposes the cause of
producing it..”

Fleming's Right Hand Rule
E.M.F
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
Fleming's Right Hand Rule

The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field

2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Simple loop generator

Basic Generator

Generators

with slip ring

Generators
Basic operation of the generator

As the loop rotates, the magnetic
flux through it changes with time
This induces an e.m.f and a current
in the external circuit
The ends of the loop are connected
to slip rings that rotate with the loop
Connections to the external circuit
are made by stationary brushes in
contact with the slip rings

with split ring

with split ring

Working Principle of D.C Generator
Schematic diagram of a simple DC Generator

1st half cycle(00 to 1800 ) Path of current ABR1B1MLR2B2CD
2st half cycle(1800 to 3600) Path of current DCR2B1MLB2R1BA

DC Generators, cont
• The output voltage always
has the same polarity
• The current is a pulsating
current
• To produce a steady current,
many loops and
commutators around the
axis of rotation are used
– The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the output
is almost free of fluctuations
Unidirectional current wave shape
Resultant current wave shape when number of

conductors used result current wave shape

Constructional Details Of DC Machine
 Yoke:
 Rotor:
 Stator:
 Field electromagnets:
 Pole core and pole shoe:
 Brushes:
 Shaft:
 Armature:
 Coil:
 Commutator:
 Bearings:

Construction details of DC generator
Cross section view of dc machine
shaft

Main parts of a 4-pole d. c machine
Practical Dc Machine

1)Yoke
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
Large DC machine Small DC machine

2)pole cores and pole shoes
2)Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)

2)pole cores and pole shoes
2)Field Magnets:-
c) Field coils (Magnetizing coils):- -- Provide excitation
(exciting coils) I . e field flux
--Number of poles depends speed of armature on and the
output for which the machine designed
--Frame to used for design for exciting coils
Different types of fields
i) Separately Exciting
ii) Self Exciting

3)Armature core

3)Conductor system:-
a) Armature core (Armature):-
-- To support armature windings
--To rotate conductors in a magnetic field
-- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built
--Made of high permeability silicon steel
stampings (of 0.5 mm thick)
-- Each stamping is separated from its
neighboring one by thin varnish as insulation
--Laminated to reduce eddy current losses
-- A small air gap between pole pieces and
armature so that no rubbing between them
-- High grade silicon steel used to reduce
i) Hysteresis loss
ii) Eddy current loss
-- Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate
heat to dissipate heat generated by above losses
b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
--windings are insulated each other

4)commutator
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each
other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )

5&6 Bearings and Brushes
5)Brushes and brush gear:-
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current
from commutation (in case of Generator)
6)Shaft and bearings:-

Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature
Bearings– For free rotation

DC Machine Construction

Rotor of a dc machine
Cutaway view of a dc machine

Armature Winding
Armature Winding is classified into two types:
Lap winding
Wave windings

Armature windings

Lap Winding:
 are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This

permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a
higher operating current.
No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

Wave winding:
 are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
 their windings connected in series
 When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each winding
adds, but the current capacity remains the same
 are used is in the small generator.
 No of parallel path, A=2,

Commutation process in D.C Generator
 Commutation is the positioning of the DC generator brushes so that the

commutator segments change brushes at the same time the armature current
changes direction.

D.C. Generators: Dr. Ir. Hendro Tjahjono, Dea Teknik Elektro Universitas Gunadarma

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 DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

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“The induced currents in a conductor are in such a

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• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

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1.A uniform Magnetic field

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Basic operation of the generator

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Schematic diagram of a simple DC Generator

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Resultant current wave shape when number of

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Large DC machine Small DC machine

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6)Shaft and bearings:-

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Cutaway view of a dc machine

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Armature Winding is classified into two types:

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armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current

Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles

The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This

No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

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 their windings connected in series

 No of parallel path, A=2,

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 Commutation is the positioning of the DC generator brushes so that the

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