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WHAT is Hydropowerplant
A Hydroelectric powerplant (often called hydropower ) consists of a
high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir and a
station where the process of energy conservation to electricity takes
place .
The powerplant is defined as the place where power is generated from a
given source , so here the source is hydro that’swhy we called it hydro
power plant .
Hydro power plant is considered as the renewable energy source .
A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in
production of energy .
Hydroelectricity is a term
referring to electricity generated
by hydropower ;the production of
electrical power through the use
of the gravitational force of
falling or flowing water .
 The first hydroelectric power plant was
at Niagara Falls , in Canada .
 The early hydro-electric power plants
were much more reliable than the
fossilfuel plants .
 There was a high electricity demand in
the middle years of this century .
 The first hydro power station , capacity
of 130kW establishes in Asia at mounts
of Darjeeling in 1898 and after that in
1902 Shimsh (Shivanasamudra) is
established and both located in India .
Most of the hydropower plants are conventional in their design.
They usually use one-way water flow to make electricity .

CONVENTIONAL :
• RUN-OF-RIVERS PLANTS – They use a little of
stored water to make the water flow through the
turbines. A lot of these types store water for up to 1
week.
Run-off power plant
• STORAGE PLANTS – These types have enough
water stored to provide constant supply of
electricity. The large damns can stored to provide
several years worth of water .

PUMPED STORAGE :
These types reuses water. After water produces
the electricity , it goes from the turbines to a
reservoir located below the dam .
• There are large power plants that produce hundreds of megawatts of
electricity and serve thousands of families.
• There are also small and micro hydropower plants that individuals can
operate for their own energy needs. The Department of Energy classifies
power plants by how much energy they are able to produce.
LARGE HYDRO PLANTS

A large hydropower
facility has the
capacity to produce
more than 30,000
kilowatts (kW) of
electricity.
SMALL HYDRO PLANTS
Small hydropower facilities can
produce
100 – 30,000 kilowatts (kW) of
electricity.
Small hydropower facilities may
involve a small dam, or be a
diversion of the main stream, or be
a
run-of-the-river system.
Micro hydropower
plants have the
capacity to
produce 100
kilowatts (kW)
or less.
Micro-hydro
facilities typically
use a
run-of-the-river
system.
Hydropower is an important renewable
energy source world wide...
• DAM – The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water
throughout the year. It should be built at a location where the height of the
river is sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from water.
• WATER RESERVIOR – It is the place behind the dam where water is stored.
The water int the reservoir is located higher then the rest of the dam structure.
Thehieght of the reservoir decides how much potential energy the water
possesses. The higher the height of water , the more is its potential energy.
• INTAKE OR CONTROL GATES – These gates are built on the inside of the
dam.The water from reservioris released and controlled through these gates.
These are called inlet gates. The water flowing through the gates possesses
potential as well as kinetic energy.
• THE PENSTOCK – It is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing
from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the
turbines and the generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy
due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

• WATER TURBINES- Water turbines from the penstock is allowed to enter the
power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. When
water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of
water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbines. The
rotatory blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft
is enclosed inside the generator. There is a large difference in height between
the level of the water in the reservoir. This difference in height , also known as
the head of water , decides the total amount of power generated in the plant.
• GENERATORS – It is in the generator where the electricity is produced.
The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which produces
alternating current in the coils of the generator. It is the rotation of the
shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is
converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the
rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of the
electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic energy and potential
energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential energy
of water is converted into electricity.
A water turbine is much like a windmill, except the
energy is provided by falling water instead of wind .

• There are two main types of hydro turbines:

 IMPULSE
 REACTION
• Impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the
water to move the runner and discharges to
atmospheric pressure. It is generally suitable for
high head , low flow applictions ; e.g.-pelton ,
cross-flow .
Reaction turbine develops power from the combined action of pressure
and moving water. It is generally used for lower haed and higher flow
than compared with the impulse turbines ; e.g. – propeller , bulb
turbine straflo , tube turbine , kalpan , francis.
KALPAN TURBINE- Both the blades and wicket gates are adjustable , allowing
for a wider range of operation .

FRANCIS TURBINE- A francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets(vanes)

using nine or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and
then falls through , causing it to spin .

PELTON TURBINE- A Pelton turbine has one or more free jets discharging
water into an aerated space and impinging buckets of the runner .

PROPELLER TURBINE-A propeller turbine generaly has a runner with three to

six blades in which the water contacts all of the blades constantly .
 FRANCIS
PELTON
KALPAN
Power = (Head) x (Flow) x (Efficiency)
11.8
Power = the electric power in kilowatts or kW
Head = the distance the water falls (measured in feet)
Flow = the amount of water flowing (measured in cubic
feet per second or cfs)
Efficiency = How well the turbine and generator convert
the power of falling water into electric power. This can
range from 60% (0.60) for older, poorly maintained
hydroplants to 90% (0.90) for newer, well maintained
plants.
11.8 = Index that converts units of feet and seconds into
kilowatts
• Flowing water is directed
at a turbine (remember
turbines are just advanced
waterwheels). The flowing
water causes the turbine
to rotate, converting the
water’s kinetic energy into
mechanical energy.
The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is
converted into electric energy using a turbine generator.
Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a
magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a fact of nature
that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.
• THE TEHRI DAM-
• THE KOYNA HYDROELECTIC
DAM-
• THE SRISAILAM DAM-
• THE NATHPA JHAKRI DAM-
• THE SARDAR SAROVAR DAM-
• THE BHAKRA-NANGAL DAM-
• THE INDIRA SAGAR DAM-
• THE NAGARJUNA SAGAR DAM-
• THE IDDUKI DAM-
• THE HIRAKUND DAM-
• It is non-polluting source of energy.
• It has lower operational cost as compared to fossil fuel-based
generation plants.
• It can be easily transmitted through wires to long distances.
• Dams made for generation of hydroelectricity also helps in irrigation
projects.
• I f electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping the
electricity generation.
• The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and
leisure/pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attraction
in their own right.
Installation of new large hydropower
projects today is very controversial
because of their negative environmental
impacts. These include:

upstream flooding
declining fish populations
decreased water quality and flow
reduced quality of upstream and
downstream environments
The water cycle is continuous, hydropower is
a renewable energy source.
 The future of hydropower lies in
technologies
that are also environmental friendly.

We can experience new,

renewable technologies with
the power of water!