Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
This report will be required for audits, peer review, future updates
of the resources estimate
Database integrity
The database is a key asset of a company
If the database is incorrect then the resources estimate will be incorrect
• Univariate
• Bivariate
• Multivariat
Spatial Statistic
Scatter Plot
used to plot the correlation between two different variables located in the same position
About outlier
An outlier is an extremely high or extremely low value of variable which lies outside the range of value expected based
on the distribution of the data, an error or part different statistical population.
Outlier can be very sensitive to the data distribution and spatial structure in estimation. There is no strict Solution to
decide to handle outliers
The distribution of data larger and smaller than twice standard deviation can be considered as outliers
Geology and Domaining
The most basic assumption for estimation is that the sample used for estimating a block grade are from
the same population
12
20
10
% Frequency
% Frequency
8 15
6
10
5
2
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
0
Mean: 2.664
Declustring 5.0
2.5
0.0
1 10
Grade
Composite Sample
Bench compositing
Case Compositing and break
0.8 m lim 0.8 m lim
Ni 1.4 Ni 1.4
DW 3 kg DW 3 kg
Saprolite
Length = 1
0.2 m,1.7, 0.5kg 0.2 m,1.7, 0.5kg DW = 0.5+(0.8*2.12) Saprolite
DW=2.20 Length = 1
0.6 m sap
Saprolite DW = 0.5+1.62+((0.2/0.4)*0.5)
Ni 1.9 DW=2.37
Length = 1 m Ni
DW 1.62 kg =((1.7*0.5)+(1.57*0.8*2.12))/(0.5 Ni
DW = 2.12 kg
+(0.8*2.12)) =((1.7*0.5)+(1.9*1.62)+(0.5*0.25)
Ni = 1.57% )/2.37
0.4 m bld Ni = 1.59%
Ni 0.5 Ni = 1.71%
DW 0.5 kg Saprolite
Saprolite
Length = 1 Length = 1
0.5 m sap
Saprolite DW = (0.2*2.12)+(0.8*4) DW =
Ni 2.1 ((0.2/0.40*0.4)+1.5+((0.3/0.5)*2.5
Length = 1 m DW=3.62
DW 1.5 kg )
DW = 4 kg DW=3.25
0.5 m sap Ni
Ni = 1.04% =((1.57*0.2*2.12)+(1.04*0.8*4))/(( Ni
Ni 0.4 =((0.25*0.5)+(1.5*2.1)+(1.5*0.5))/
DW 2.5 kg 0.2*2.12)+(0.8*4))
Ni = 1.10% 3.25
Ni = 1.19%
Spatial Analysis
Sill
Nugget
Range
Estimation
• Classic Polygonal Method
• Nearest-Neighbor Method
• Inverse Distance Weighting
• Ordinary Kriging
Volume Variance Effect
Inferred
Tereka
Increasing level
of geological Indicated Probable
knowledge and Terunjuk Terkira
confidence
Measured Proved
Terukur Terbukti
Ship
Ni Calcine Ferro Nikel Ni Plating
Non ferrous
Construction
Ni Pig Iron Alloy
Stainless Stainless
Steel Slab Steel Rod/
Electronic
Bar
Casing
Ni Matte Ni Alloy
Defense
Oil and
HPAL Ni Refinary Ni Metal Batteris
Gas Trans
Automotive
Railway
calcination: the removal of chemically bonded water from the dried ore;
to remove the remainder of the water in the ore (to avoid explosions during subsequent
electric furnace smelting);
to reduce about a quarter of the nickel in the ore to nickel metal
to reduce most of the Fe3þ minerals to Fe2þ minerals and about 5% of the iron to metallic
iron;
Once the ore has been leached, it is cooled through several flash tanks to recover as much of the
energy as possible.
The cooled slurry is then pre-neutralized and sent to a counter-current decantation circuit
Nickel and cobalt are precipitated from the solution leaving counter-current
decantation as a mixed nickel–cobalt sulfide using hydrogen sulfide gas
The first important consideration
is that not all potential ores can
be smelted to an arbitrarily pre-
selected ferronickel grade or
leaching with HPAL
90
70
2.00
1.74
GRADE (%)
60
1.62 1.60
1.45 1.47
50 1.40
1.28
40 1.11 1.12
1.00
30 0.82
0.70 0.69
20
0.42 0.39 0.41
0.32
0.27 0.25 0.24
10 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.15
0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09
0 0.00
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
-10.0
-11.0
-12.0
-13.0
-14.0
-15.0
-16.0
-16.7
-17.0
-18.0
-19.0
-20.0
-20.6
-21.0
-22.0
-23.0
-24.0
-25.0
-26.0
DEPTH (METER)
Goethite Hematite Spinel Al Oxides
Mn Oxides Quartz Serpentine Olivine/Pyroxene
mica-talc Chlorite Garnierite Ni silicate/hydroxide
Amphiboles Clay minerals Al Total Mn Total
Indonesia nickel production
World Primary Nickel Production Breakdown by Continent
Sources : Bloomberg
Source: Kadarusman, 2003
Considerations for developing a nickel laterite project
• Nickel grade; cobalt grade
• Resource tonnage / Life of Mine / scale of operation
• Ore chemistry and mineralogy
• Ore consistency
• Upgradeability of ore
• Process selection
• Availability of cheap power supply
• Selection of fuel
• Availability of raw materials: water, silica flux, limestone, aggregate
• Availability of infrastructure
• Location of project
• Mining method
• Environmental considerations
• Negotiations with local and central governments
• Funding of the project
• Selection of engineer and contractor