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Section : 04
Sunday : 09.00 - 10.00 [N02/1-7]
Thursday : 02.00 - 04.00 [N02/1-12]
1
1. Introduction
• Separation of different components in a liquid solution
2
3
Types of distillation:
• Simple
• Fractional
• Steam
Immiscible solvent
Azeotropic
• Extractive
Vacuum
Molecular
Distillation tower at an oil refinery. Entrainer sublimation
4
2. Vapor-liquid equilibrium relations
2.1 Raoult’s
law • Vapor & liquid in intimate contact for a long time,
equilibrium is attained
• Ideal solution (substances very similar to each other)
p A = P Ax A or yA =(pA/P)=(PA/P)xA
where
pA = Partial pressure of component A in the vapor
5
Example 11.1-1 Use of Raoult’s Law for Boiling-Point Diagram
PA x A PB (1 x A ) P
155.7( x A ) 63.3(1 x A ) 101.32 kPa
x A 0.411, x B 1 x A 1 0.411 0.589
PA x A 155.7(0.411)
yA 0.632
P 101.32
6
7
2.2 Boiling-point diagrams and x-y plots
where
yA = mole fraction of A in the vapor phase
10
For an ideal system (obeys Raoult’s law):
x A
yA
1 1x A
where
when 1 , separation is possible
11
Example 11.3-1 Relative Volatility for Benzene-Toluene System
Using the data from Table 11.1-1, calculate the relative volatility for the
benzene-toluene system at 85oC and 105oC
12
3. Equilibrium Stages - Single-stage
equilibrium
contactor
Binary distillation - components A & B
yA1 yA2
xA0 xA1
13
Example 11.2-1 Equilibrium Contact of Vapor-Liquid Mixture
A vapor at the dew point and 101.32 kPa containing a mole fraction of
0.40 benzene (A) and 0.6 toluene (B) and 100 kg mol total is contacted
with 110 kg mol of a liquid at the boiling point containing a mole fraction
of 0.30 benzene and 0.70 toluene. The two streams are contacted in a
single stage and the outlet streams leave in equilibrium with each other.
Assume constant molal overflow. Calculate the amounts and compositions
of the exit streams.
14
=100 kmol
Example 11.2-1
yA1 yA2 =0.4
15
4. Distillation methods
Distillation has two main methods in practice.
16
4. Distillation methods
Simple
distillation
Vapor produced on boiling of liquid
mixture may simply taken of and
condensed without return to the
still.
Distillati
on Does not involved fractionation
Flash or equilibrium distillation
Differential distillation
Steam distillation
Fractional
distillation
Distillation with reflux or
rectification
Batch vs. continuous
17
(a) Equilibrium or flash
distillation
Balance on A:
FxF = Lx + Vy or FxF = (F-V)x + Vy
18
(b) Simple batch or differential
distillation
V, y • Liquid mixture charged to a still (heated kettle)
• Slowly boiled & vaporized part of the liquid
• Vapor withdrawn rapidly to condenser
L, x • First portion of vapor = richest in component A
• Vaporized product gets learner in component A
x1 = Original composition
Graphical solution:
L2 = Moles left in the still L1
Area under the curve 1/(y-x) vs x plot = ln L2
x2 = Final composition of liquid
unknown: x2 Average composition of total material distilled, y av:
L1x1 = L2x2 + (L1-L2)yav 19
Example 11.3-2 Simple Differential Distillation
20
Example 11.3-
2
Equilibrium data:
L1 = 100 mol
x 1.0 0.867 0.594 0.398 0.254 0.145 0.059
x1 = 0.5 mol /mol 0
y 1.0 0.984 0.925 0.836 0.701 0.521 0.271
V = 40 mol Total
0 balance : L1 = V + L2
x2 = ? , yav = ? 100 = 40 + L 2
L2 = 60 mol
L1 x dx
ln
L 2 x y x
1
nB PB
n A PA
23
Ex 4.6 A mixture contains 100 kg of H2O and 100 kg of
ethyaniline (mol wt = 121.1 kg/kg mol), which is immiscible with
water. A very slight amount of nonvolatile impurity is dissolved in
the organic. To purify the ethyaniline it is steam-distilled by
bubbling saturated steam into the mixture at a total pressure of
101.32 kPa (1 atm). Determine the boiling point of the mixture
and the composition of the vapor. The vapor pressure of each of
the pure compounds is as follows (T1):
24
PA PB P Solution:
Temperature PA PB P=PA+PB
K ºC (water) (ethylaniline) (kPa)
(kPa) (kPa)
P 98.3kPa PB 3.04
yA A 0.97 yB 0.03
P 101.32kPa P 101.32
25
Distillation calculations
McCabe -Thiele Method
Equilibrium line
Operating line - enriching
operating line - Stripping
Feed conditions
Feed location Number of
Total reflux stages
Minimum reflux Efficiency
Operating reflux
Stripping - column distillation
Flooding
Enriching - column distillation velocity
Binary system Rectification with direct steam injection Tower
Rectification tower with side stream
diameter
Tray and packed tower efficiency
Flooding velocity and diameter
of tray towers
Enthalpy-Concentration Method
Enthalpy – concentration data
Enriching section
Stripping section
Multicomponents 26
Distillation calculations
27
5. Distillation with Reflux and McCabe-Thiele Method
5.1 Introduction to distillation with reflux
The liquid in a stage is conducted or flows to the stage below and the vapor from a stage
flow upward to the stage above.
A component balance on A: Vn 1 y n 1 Ln 1 x n 1 Vn y n Ln x n
28
Introduction to distillation with reflux
In a distillation column the stages (referred to as sieve plates or trays) in a distillation tower are
arranged vertically, as shown schematically in figure below.
In a distillation column the stages (referred to as sieve plates or trays) in a distillation tower are
arranged vertically, as shown schematically in figure below.
30
5.2 McCabe-Thiele method
Main assumption
1) Equimolar overflow through the tower between the feed inlet and the top tray and
the feed inlet and bottom tray.
2) Liquid and vapor streams enter a tray, are equilibrated, and leave.
31
A total material balance:
Vn 1 Ln 1 Vn Ln
A component A balance:
Vn 1 y n 1 Ln 1 x n 1 Vn y n Ln x n
Where
Vn+1 is mol/h of vapor from tray n+1
Ln is mol/h liquid from tray n
yn+1 is mole fraction of A in Vn+1 and so on.
32
(a) Equation for enriching section
A total material balance:
F D W (1)
A component A balance:
Fx F Dx D Wx w (2)
Where
F is the entering feed (mol/h)
D is the distillate (mol/h)
W is the bottoms (mol/h)
33
Material balance over dashed-line section: Vn 1 Ln D (3)
34
Solving for yn+1, the enriching-section operating line is
Ln Dx
yn 1 xn D (5)
Vn 1 Vn 1
R x
y n 1 xn D (6)
R 1 R 1
35
The slope is Ln / Vn 1 or R /( R 1) . It intersects the y=x line (45º diagonal
line) at x x D . The intercept of the operating line at x = 0 is y xD /( R 1) .
The theoretical stages are determined by starting at xD and stepping off the first
plate to x1. Then y2 is the composition of the vapor passing the liquid x1.
In a similar manner, the other theoretical trays are stepped off down the tower in
the enriching section to the feed tray.
36
(b) Equation for stripping section
37
Solving for ym+1, the stripping-section operating line is
Lm Wx
ym 1 xm W (9)
Vm1 Vm 1
38
The theoretical stages for the stripping section are determined by starting at
xW, going up to yW, and then across to the operating line, etc.
39
(c) Effect of feed conditions
The condition of feed stream is represented by the quantity q, which is the mole
fraction of liquid in feed.
Lm Ln qF (10)
Vn Vm (1 q ) F (11)
Vn y Ln x Dx D (12)
Vm y Lm x Wx w (13)
(Vm Vn ) y ( Lm Ln ) x ( Dx D Wx w ) (14)
40
Substituting eqn.(2), (10), and (11) into eqn.(14) and rearranging,
q x
y x F
q 1 q 1
(15)
c pL (Tb TF )
q 1
where
CpL, CpV = specific heats of liquid and vapor, respectively
TF = temperature of feed
Tb, Td = bubble point and dew point of feed respectively
λ = heat of vaporization
41
L V L V L V
F F F
dew point
L bubble point
q=0
liquid feed q=1 vapour feed
L V L V L V
F F F
42
q = moles of liquid flow in the stripping section L L
that result from the introduction of each mole of q
F
feed
q = 1 (liquid at its boiling point)
q = 0 (saturated vapour) q>1
q=1
x
q 1 (cold liquid feed)
y=
q 0 (superheated vapour) 0<q<1
0 q 1 (mixture of liquid & vapour)
Feed a mixture of liquid & vapour, q q=0
= fraction that is liquid xF
q xF
y x
q1 q1
q<0
43
(d) Location of the feed tray in a tower and number of trays
From eqn.(15), the q-line equation and is the locus of the intersection of the two
operating lines. Setting y = x in eqn(15), the intersection of the q-line equation
with the 45º line is y=x=xF, where xF is the overall composition of the feed.
In given below the figure, the q line is plotted for various feed conditions. The
slope of the q line is q/(q-1).
q = 0 (saturated vapor)
q = 1 (saturated liquid)
q > 1(subcooled liquid)
q < 0 (superheated vapor)
0 < q < 1 (mix of liquid and
vapor)
44
(e) Number of stages and trays
1st point
2nd point
3rd point
n = 7 = Number of tray + reboiler
Number of tray = 6 45
Slope = R/(R+1)
Slope = q/(1-q)
Slope = L/ V
46
(f) Reflux Ratio
Vn 1 Ln D (16)
Then Ln is very large, as is the vapor flow Vn. This means that the slope
R/(R+1) of the enriching operating line becomes 1.0 and the operating
lines of both sections of the column coincide with the 45º diagonal line,
as shown in Fig below.
47
x 1 xw
Minimum number of theoretical steps Nm log D
Nm 1 xD xw (17)
when a total condenser is used (α is constant).
log av
For small variations in α, av 1 w
1/ 2
(18)
where α1 is the relative volatility of the overhead vapor
αw is the relative volatility of the bottoms liquid.
48
48
Total reflux, R = ∞
R= ∞ then R/(R+1)=1
(1W)volatility
1==relative ½
of the overhead vapour
(1W)volatility
1==relative ½
of the overhead vapour
Rm x y
D (19)
Rm 1 xD x
51
x
Enriching op. line: y R x D
R 1 R 1
If R decreases, then
xF
xW xF xD
y-intercept at Rmin:
xD
y intercept
Rmin 1
Resulting in an infinite number of plates
52
• or when equilibrium line has an
• minimum vapor flow inflection, operating line tangent to
the equilibrium line
• minimum condenser & reboiler
xW xF xD
y-intercept at Rmin:
xD
y intercept
Rmin 1
Resulting in an infinite number of plates 54
Operating and optimum reflux ratio
Total reflux = number of plates is a minimum, but the tower diameter is infinite.
This corresponds to an infinite cost of tower and steam and cooling water. This
is the limit in the tower operation.
Minimum reflux = number of trays is infinite, which again gives an infinite cost.
55
Ex 4.7 A continuous fractioning column is to be designed to separate
30,000 kg/h of a mixture of 40 percent benzene and 60 percent toluene
into an overhead product containing 97 percent benzene and a bottom
product containing 98 percent toluene. These percentages are by weight.
A reflux ratio of 3.5 mol to 1 mol of product is to be used. The molal latent
heats of benzene and toluene are 7,360 and 7,960 cal/g mol,
respectively. Benzene and toluene from a nearly ideal system with a
relative volatility of about 2.5. The feed has a boiling point of 95ºC at a
pressure of 1 atm.
a) Calculate the moles of overhead product and bottom product per hour.
b) Determine the number of ideal plates and the position of the feed plate
56
Solution (a)
40 97 2
78 xD 78 0.974 78
xF 0.440 xB 0.0235
40 60 97 3 2 98
78 92 78 92 78 92
100
The average molecular weight of 40 85.8
the feed
60 is
78 92
vaporization
The average of heat 0.44(7,360) 0.is
56(7,960) 7,696 cal / gmol
57
Solution (b) (i),
We determine the number of ideal plates and position of the feed plate.
1) Plot the equilibrium diagram, erect verticals at xD, xF, and xB.
2) Draw the feed line. Here q=1, and the feed line is vertical.
3) Plot the operating lines. The intercept of the rectifying lie on
the y axis is, xD/(R+1) = 0.974/(3.5+1) = 0.216 (eqn (6)). From the
intersection of the rectifying operating line and the feed line, the stripping
line is drawn.
4) Draw the rectangular steps between the two operating lines
and the equilibrium curve. The stripping line is at the seventh step. By
counting steps it is found that, besides the reboiler, 11 ideal plates are
needed and feed should be introduced on the seventh plate from the top.
58
59
Solution (b) (ii),
The latent heat of vaporization of the feed λ is 7,696/85.8 = 89.7 cal/g.
0.44(95 20)
q 1 1.37
89.7
q x
y x F
q 1 q 1
The slope of the feed line is -1.37/(1-1.37) = 3.70. When steps are drawn
for this case, as shown in Fig. below, it is found that a reboiler and 10
ideal plates are needed and that the feed should be introduced on the
sixth plate.
60
61
Solution (b) (iii),
From the definition of q
it follows that for this
case q = 1/3 and the
slope of the feed line is
-0.5. The solution is
shown in Fig. below. It
calls for a reboiler and
12 plates, with the feed
entering on the
seventh plate.
62
Ex 4.8 What are (a) the minimum reflux ratio and (b) the minimum
number of plates for cases (b)(i), (b)(ii), and (b)(iii) of EX 4.7 if αav
is given as 2.47.
Solution (a)
For minimum reflux ratio use eqn. (18). Here xD = 0.974. The results
are given in Table below.
Case x’ y’ RDm
(b)(i) 0.440 0.658 1.45
(b)(ii) 0.521 0.730 1.17
(b)(iii) 0.300 0.513 2.16
63
Ex 4.8 What are (a) the minimum reflux ratio and (b) the minimum
number of plates for cases (b)(i), (b)(ii), and (b)(iii) of EX 4.7 if αav
is given as 2.47.
Solution (b)
For minimum number of plates, the reflux ratio is infinite, the operating
lines coincide with the diagonal, and there are no differences among
the three cases. Use the αav = 2.47 and equation below we get,
x 1 xw
log D
1 x x w 0.974 0.976
Nm D
ln 1
log av 0.024 0.026
8.105 1 7
64
Example 11.4-1 Rectification of a Benzene-
Toluene Mixture
65
Example 11.4-1
L 41.2 kmol/h
xD = 0.95
F =100 kmol/h
1. Plot equilibrium & 45o lines on x-y graph
xF = 0.45
TF = 327.6K 58.8 kmol/hy
xW = 0.1
slope=R/(R+1)
2. Draw enriching
operating line
x
y R x D
R 1 R 1 1
xD
R 1
xD
67 x
Example 11.4-1
L 41.2 kmol/h
xD = 0.95
F =100 kmol/h
xF = 0.45
TF = 327.6K 58.8 kmol/h
xW = 0.1
2. Draw enriching operating line
x
y R x D
R 1 R 1
R = 4 = L/D
3. Calculate
q
H V H F H V H L cP (TB TF )
q
HV HL HV HL
4. Draw q-
line q-line
q = 1.195
q xF
y x
q1
q1
72
(a) Minimum
Example 11.4-2
Reflux, Rmin
Given R = 4, Rmin = ?
41.2 kmol/h
xD = 0.95 The enriching op. line from xD is drawn
through the intersection of the q-line & the
F =100 kmol/h
equilibrium line to intersect the y-axis
xF = 0.45
58.8 kmol/h
xW = 0.1
Enriching op. line: x
y R x D
R 1 R 1
y-intercept: xD 0.95
0.43
R min 1 R 1
min
Rmin = 1.21 73
Example 11.4-2
(b) Total Reflux
At R = ∞, Nmin = ?
Steps are drawn from xD to xW.
41.2 kmol/h
xD = 0.95
F =100
kmol/h
xF = 0.45
58.8 kmol/h
xW = 0.1
75
75
6. Draw stripping operating line by connecting x W (on 45o line) with
the point of intersection of the q-line & the enriching operating
line
7. Stepping off from xD between equilibrium line & enriching line to q-
line
8. Shift to stripping line after passing q-line. Feed location = tray on the shift
76
5.3 Distillation column
(a) Stripping
column
• Feed is saturated liquid at boiling point (q=1)
• Added to the top of the column
• Overhead product is not returned back to the tower
Lm Wx W
• Operating line: y x
Vm 1 m V
m1
• Ntheo. stages - starting from xW(on 45o line) draw a
straight line to the intersection of yD with the q-line
77
Example 11.4-
3
78
(b) Enriching column
• Feed is saturated vapor (q=0)
• Added to the bottom of the column
• Overhead product is refluxed back to the tower
R xD D
• Operating line: y x
R 1 R 1
• N theo. stages - starting from xD(on 45o line) draw a
straight line to the y-intercept, xD/(R+1)
W
F
xF xD
79
(c) Direct steam injection
• Heat provided by open steam injected directly at bottom of tower
81
(e) Partial condenser
• Overhead product = vapour
• Liquid condensate returned to tower as reflux
• One extra theoretical stage for partial condenser (both
liquid & vapour in condenser is in equilibrium)
82
5.4 Tray efficiency
3 types of tray efficiency:
• Overall tray efficiency, Eo
• Murphree tray efficiency, EM
yn - yn 1
EM
y *n -yn 1
y'n -y'n 1
EMP
y *n -y'n 1
83
Graphical determination of actual trays given EM:
1 actual tray = triangle ‘abe’ on actual
equil. line
1 ideal tray = triangle ‘acd’ on ideal
equil. line
Eg. EM = 0.6 (60% efficiency)
distance ‘ac’ = 10 cm
distance ‘ab’ = 0.6(10 cm) = 6 cm
84
Efficiency of random-packed &
structured packed towers
HETP = height of the packed column necessary to give a
separation equal to one theoretical plate
Height of packing, z 1
ln
HETP HOG A
z N HETP H OG N OG / A
1 A
where:
N = number of theoretical stages needed
m
NOG = number of tranfer units ln
L
HOG = overall height of a transfer unit HETP HOG V
m/ L 1
V
T
HOG HETP HETP
E0
where: E0= overall tray efficiency T = tray spacing 85
(a) Efficiency of tray
towers
For distillation
-0.245
E0 0.492 L
where:
Eo= fraction overall ave. tray efficiency
= relative volatility of the two key components at the ave. tower temp.
L= molar ave. viscosity (cp) of the liquid feed at the ave. temp.
(c) Efficiency of structured packing
towers
For structured packings at low - moderate pressure with low-viscosity liquids:
88
5.5 Flooding velocity and diameter of
tray towers
For maximum allowable vapor velocity for sieve, bubble-cap or valve trays:
0.2
For nonfoaming systems: max K
L V
20
V
where
max = Allowable vapor velocity
based active area (ft/s)
= Surface tension of the liquid (dyn/cm or mN/m)
V , L = Densities of gas and liquid (Ibm/ft3 or kg/m3)
K = Empirical coefficient obtained from Fig. 11.5-3 (ft/s)
Rule of thumb: K multiplied by 0.91 to account for the downspout area of 9% of
the tray
For foaming systems: K multiplied by 0.90
For final design: max multiplied by 0.80 to be 20% below flooding
For organic liquids : = 20 -25 dyn/cm
where
L, V = flow rates (kg/h or Ibm/h)
V , L = densities of gas and liquid (Ibm/ft3 or kg/m3)
K multiplied by 0.91 to account for downspout area
90
Example 11.5-2
A valve tray absorption tower is being used to absorb and recover ethyl
alcohol vapor in air by pure water. The tower operate at 30 oC and a
pressure of 110 kPa abs. The entering gas contains 2.0 mol % ethyl
alcohol in water, and 95 % of the alcohol is recovered in the outlet
water. The inlet pure aqueous flow is 186 kg mol/h and the inlet gas flow
is 211.7 kg mol/h. Calculate the required tower diameter. A tray spacing
of 0.610 m (2.0 ft) will be assumed. Use a factor of 0.95 for possible
foaming.
Solution
91
6. Enthalpy - Concentration Method
Enthalpy-Concentration Method
(Ponchon-Savarit method)
Enthalpy – concentration data
Enriching section
Stripping section
Complete analysis of fractional
distillation
Condenser and reboiler duty
Minimum reflux
Total reflux
Operating reflux
Partial condenser
Partial vaporized feed
92
6.1 Enthalpy - Concentration Data
Enthalpy-concentration for benzene-toluene
94
6.1 Enthalpy - Concentration Data
• Calculation shown in eg. 11.6-1 Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
95
7.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
96
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
Saturated liquid line in enthalpy h
h x A c pA (T To ) (1 x A )c pB (T To ) H sol
where
xA mole fraction of A
T boiling point of the mixture
To references temperature
c pA , c pB heat capacity of A and B
H sol heat of solution at To
c pyA , c pyB vapor heat capacity of A and B
A , B latent heat at boiling point of pure component A
97
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
98
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
99
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Use of Enthalpy-
Concentration Chart
Overall balance
F V L (3)
Balance on A
Fx F Vy D Lx L (4)
Energy balance
FH F VH V Lh L (6)
100
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
q
Total enthalpy of feed : H F
F
101
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
102
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Overall material balance :
Distillation in Enriching
D V L Section of Tower
n 1 n
D V2 L1 V3 L2 .......
The difference between two streams passing each other is constant and
has value of D kg mol/h where D is the distillation flow.
Dx D Vn 1 y n 1 Ln x n
Dx D V2 y 2 L1 x1 V3 y 3 L2 x 2 .......
103
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Distillation in Enriching
Section of Tower
104
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Enthalpy balance :
Distillation in Enriching
DhD Vn 1 H n 1 Ln hn Section of Tower
q
D hD c Vn 1 H n 1 Ln hn
D
DH ' V3 H 3 L2 h2 .......
106
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Distillation in Enriching
Section of Tower
107
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Overall material balance : Distillation in Stripping
Lm W Vm 1 Section of Tower
W Lm Vm 1 LN VW
This difference between two streams passing each other is constant
at W kg mol/h
Enthalpy balance :
Lm H m q R WhW Vm1 H m 1
q
W hW R Lm H m Vm 1 H m 1
W
WH 'W Lm H m Vm1 H m 1
The difference in enthalpy between the streams passing each
q
other is constant with the enthalpy being hW R or H 'W .
W 108
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Distillation in Stripping
Section of Tower
Enthalpy balance :
Lm H m q R WhW Vm 1 H m 1
q
W hW R Lm H m Vm 1 H m 1
W
WH 'W Lm H m Vm 1 H m 1
The difference in enthalpy between the streams passing each
q
other is constant with the enthalpy being hW R or H 'W .
W
109
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Analysis of Complete
Fraction Tower
Overall enthalpy :
Reflux ratio ( R)
FH F q R DhD WhW q C
qC
q q hD H n 1
FH F W hW R D hD C Ln D
W D R
D H n 1 hn
FH F WH 'W DH '
L H ' H 1
R
D H 1 hD
110
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Analysis of Complete
Fraction Tower
111
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Condenser & Reboiler duties
Condenser duty (qC)
where
L = RD
H1 = Enthalpy of vapour V1
hD = Enthalpy of liquid distillate
Minimum Reflux
Rmin occurs when the line ∆RF∆S (or D’FW’) coincides with
the tie line that passes through F
Total Reflux
Nmin is obtained when the operating lines are vertical since R
(or D’) and S (or W’) are at infinity.
Operating Reflux
R = ? Rmin
113
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Minimum Reflux
Rmin occurs when the line
∆RF∆S coincides with the tie
line that passes through F
∆Rmin
W
F
D
114
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Total Reflux
Nmin is obtained when the
operating lines are vertical
since R and S are at
infinity.
Nmin is obtained
when the operating
W
lines are vertical F
D
since R and S are
at infinity. Nmin = 5.9 stages
115
6.2 Fractional Distillation
yD Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
Partial condenser
Distillate product, VD – vapor
with the composition yD
W L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 L0
F
∆S
116
6.2 Fractional Distillation Using Enthalpy-Concentration
Method
117
Analysis of Complete Fraction Tower
118
Example 11.6-1
(a)
F 453.6 kg/h
x F 0.5
x D 0.85
xW 0.03
R L / D 1.5
All equations and graphs plotted use consistent unit of kg/h, kJ/h and wt fraction
119
Example 11.6-1
(b)
The enthalpy - concentrat ion plot is constructed in Fig 11.6 - 8 using data from Appendix A.3
An x-y equilibrium plot is also made
L (h q C / D ) H 1 H ' H 1
R D
D H 1 hD H 1 hD
From saturated vapor plot at x D 0.85 in Fig 11.6-8,
H 1 1303kJ/kg
hD 228 kJ/kg
H '1303
1.5
1303 228
H ' 2914 kJ/kg
The operating point D' is plotted at H ' 2914 and x D 0.85
Point F is plotted at x F 0.50 on the h line and give hF 286 kJ/kg
120
Example 11.6-1
The oprating point W' for the stripping section is located at intersection of the line through D'F with the
vertical line xW 0.03
The enthalpyW' , H'W -3133 kJ/kg
As check,
FhF WH 'W DH '
453.6(286) 193.6 H 'W 260.0(2914)
H 'W 3243 kJ/kg
(This is close check on the graphical method to determine W' )
121
Example 11.6-1
1. The number of theoretical steps is determined
by starting with V1
2. An equilibrium tie line through V1
establishes L1 on the saturated liquid line
3. An operating line through L1D gives point V2
on the saturated vapor line.
4. A tie line through V2 gives L2
5. This continue till L3 is reaches
6. The equilibrium tie line L3V3 cross line W’FD’
122
Example 11.6-1
(c)
Solving for condenser load q c ,
qc
H ' hD
D
qc
2914 228
260.0
q c 698360 kJ/h 193.99 kW
123
Example 11.6-2
L 41.2 kmol/h
Given : R = 1.5 Rm = 1.5(1.17) = 1.755
xD = 0.95
F =100 kmol/h
xF = 0.45
TF = 58.8 kmol/h
54.5oC(327.6K) xW = 0.1
hF = xFcpA(TF-T0) + (1-xF)cpB(TF-T0)
hD = xDcpA(TD-T0) + (1-xD)cpB(TD-T0)
= 0.95(138.2)(81.1-80.1) + (1-0.95)167.5(81.1-80.1) = 139.67 kJ
hW = xWcpA(TW-T0) + (1-xW)cpB(TW-T0)
hF = xFcpA(TF-T0) + (1-xF)cpB(TF-T0)
125
Example 11.6-2
W
F
D
126
Example 11.6-2
R
hD+QC/D
ΔR H1
Sat. vapour V1
H1
hDH1
Sat. liquid
hD
127
QC
hD
H1
D Δ H
R R 1
H1 h D Hh 1 D
QC
hD H1
D Δ H Δ H
R R 1 1.755 R 1
H1 hD Hh 1cm
1 D
R =85x 103kJ/kmol ∆R
ΔR H1 1.755 1cm 1.755cm
H1=31x 103kJ/kmol V1
W
F
hW=5x 10 kJ/kmol
3 D
128
Example 11.6-2
3. Locate stripping-section difference point, S
4. Step off trays for rectifying section using R.
5. Step off trays for stripping section using S
6. Theoretical stages = numbers of tie lines
7. Theoretical trays = theoretical stages - reboiler
Theoretical trays = 11.9 – 1 = 10.9 trays
8. Feed tray = tie line that crosses the line Δ R FΔS
Feed trays = tray no. 7 from the top
9. Condenser duty, QC = (R –hD)D or
QC
hD H1
D Q = (85x10 3
-0)41.2 = 3 460 800 kJ/h
R C
H1 h D
10. Reboiler duty, QR = (hW-S)W
QR = (hW-S)W = (5 x 103 –[-64x103])58.8 = 4 057 200 kJ.h
129
Locating S
Draw a straight line from R through F to intersect the
vertical line at xW
130
Example 11.6-2
∆R
W
F
D
-64 x103kJ/kmol
∆S
131
Stepping off trays for the rectifying section
∆S
132
Stepping off trays for the stripping section
Draw a line from ∆S through
L7 up to the saturated vapor
line to give V8.
∆R
Connect L8 and V8 using a
V12 V11 V10 V9 V8 V7 V6 V5 V V V V
tie line. 4 3 2 1
QC W
hD H1 F
D min Δ H
Rmin
Rmin 1 D
H1 h D Hh 1 D
134
MINIMUM STAGES, Nmin
W
F
D
135
PARTIAL yD
CONDENSER
V6 V5 V4 V V V V
3 2 1 D
W L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 L0
F
∆S
136
PARTIALLY
VAPOURISED FEED, zF
VF FL F
F
VF VF
LF FVF W
LF LF F
137
7. Multicomponent Distillation
Introduction
Equilibrium data
Key components
Total reflux
138
7.1 Introduction
139
7.1 Introduction
F D W (1)
A component A balance:
Fx F Dx D Wx w (2)
Where
F is the entering feed (mol/h)
D is the distillate (mol/h)
W is the bottoms (mol/h)
140
7.1 Introduction
141
7.1 Introduction
Ln Dx
yn 1 xn D (5)
Vn 1 Vn 1
R x
y n 1 xn D (6)
R 1 R 1
142
7.1 Introduction
The theoretical stages are determined by starting at xD and stepping off the first
plate to x1. Then y2 is the composition of the vapor passing the liquid x1.
In a similar manner, the other theoretical trays are stepped off down the tower in
the enriching section to the feed tray.
143
7.1 Introduction
Equation for
stripping section
144
7.1 Introduction
Lm Wx
ym 1 xm W (9)
Vm1 Vm 1
145
7.1 Introduction
146
8.2 Equilibrium data
For multicomponent systems which can be consideredideal, Raoult's Law
can be used to determine the composition of the vapor in equilibrium with
the liquid.
p A PA x A , pB PB xB , pC PC xC , pD PD xD
p A PA PB PC PC
yA xA , yB xB , yC xC , yC xC
P P P P P
147
7.2 Equilibrium data
148
7.2 Equilibrium data
Relative volatility, i
Ki K K K K
i , A A , B B , C C 1, D D
KC KC KC KC KC
The values of K i will be stronger function of temperature than the values of i
149
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash distillation
150
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash
distillation
After the final temperature is known, the vapor composition is calculated from
i xi
yi
( i xi )
After the final temperature is known, the liquid composition is calculated from
y / i
xi
y / i
151
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash distillation
n-heptane (xD = 0.15). Calculate the boiling point and the vapor
in equilibrium with the liquid.
152
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash
distillation
• First, a temperature of 65 C is
o
•
assumed.
The K values are read from Fig.
11.7-2.
• Using component C as the base
component.
• Defining:
( 1 f) L/F as the fraction of the feed
vaporized.
( 1 f) L/F as fraction of the feed remaining
as liquid.
• Making the component I balances
f 1 x
yi xi iF
f f
where
yi composition of component i in the vapor
154
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash
distillation
(c) Flash distillation
• For
equilibrium
yi K i xi K C i xi where i Ki / KC
f 1 x
yi K C i xi xi iF
f f
• Solving for xi and summing for all components,
xiF
xi 1.0
f K C i 1
• This equation is solved by trial and error:
f fraction
First assuming a temperature if the
vaporised has been set.
When the xi values add up to 1.0, the
proper temperature has been chosen.
The composition of the vapor yi can be obtained
from
yi K C i xi
155
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash distillation
Example
Example 10.5
Solution 10.5
First
Do a BURL P calculation with {zi} = {xi} to determine Pbubl . By Eq.
(10.2),
Example
Second
1
Pdew 101.52kPa
y1 y3
y2
P1sat P2sat P3sat
Since the given pressure lies between Pbubl and Pdew. the system is in
the two-phase region, and a flash calculation can be made.
157
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash distillation
Example
V = 0.7364 mol
Equation (10.16) shows that each term on the left side of Eq. (A) is an
expression for v1. Evaluation of these terms gives:
158
7.3 Boiling point, dew point and flash distillation
Example
Then by Eq. (10.10), x1 = y1 / K1 whence,
Flash calculations can also be made for light hydrocarbons with the
data of Figs.
10.13 and 10.14.
160
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
where
x LD mole fraction of light key in distillate
x LW mole fraction in bottoms
x HD mole fraction of heavy key in distillate
x HW mole fraction in bottoms
161
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
where
LD at the top temperature (dew point)
LW at the bottom temperature
xiW W x HW W
162
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
Example 11.7-2 Calculation of Top and Bottoms Temperature and Total Reflux
The liquid feed of 100 mol/h at the boiling point given in Example 11.7-1 is fed to a
distillation tower at 405.3 kPa and is to be fractionated so that 90 % of the n-
pentane (B) is recovered in the distillate and 90 % of the n-hexane (C) in bottoms.
Calculate the following:
(a) Moles per hour and composition of distillate and bottoms.
(b) Top temperature (dew point) of distillate and boiling point of bottoms.
(c) Minimum stages for total reflux and distribution of other components
in the distillate and bottoms.
163
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
(a) Moles per hour and composition of distillate and bottom
Material balance are made for each component with n - pentane ( B) being the
light key ( L) and n - hexane (C ) as heavy key ( H )
Overall Balance :
F D W
For first tria l, assumed no component D in the distillate and no light A in the bottoms.
mole A in distillate y AD D 0.40(100) 40.0
mole D in bottoms x DW W 0.15(100) 15.0
164
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
165
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent
distillation
(b) Top temperature (dew point) of distillate and boiling point of
bottoms.
For dew point of
distillate:
• A value of 67 oC will be estimated for
• first K
The trial.
values are read from Fig.
• 11.7-2.
The α is calculated.
• The following values are calculated:
For component A,
A, av AD AW 6.73 4.348 5.409
x AD D x D
A, av m HD 5.409
N 5.404 0.031(64.5)
1017
x AW W x HW W 0.507(35.5)
168
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
(c) Minimum stages for total reflux and distribution of other
components
in the distillate and bottoms.
Overall balance on A,
x AF 40.0 x AD D x AW W
x AD D 1017 x AW
Solving, x AW W 0.039
x AD D 39.961
169
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
170
7.5 Total reflux for multicomponent distillation
• Using distillate compositions, recalculate the dew point assuming
67 oC gives a calculated value of Kc = 0.2637.
171
7.6 Minimum reflux ratio
172
7.7 Number of stages
173
7.7 Number of stages
Shortcut method for number of stages at operating ratio.
Kirkbride
methods
To estimate the number of theoretical stages above and below the
feed which can be used to estimate the feed stage location
Ne x W x LW
2
log 0.206 log HF
Ns x LF D x HD
where
N e number of theoretical stages above the feed plate
N s number of theoretical below the feed plate
174
7.7 Number of stages
Example 11.7-3 Minimum Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages at Operating Reflux Ratio
Using the conditions and results given in Example 11.7-2, calculate the following.
(a) Minimum reflux ratio using the Underwood method
(b) Number of theoretical stages at an operating reflux ratio R of
1.5Rmin using the Erbar-Maddox correlation
(c) Location of feed tray using the method of Lirkbride.
Example 11.7-2 Calculation of Top and Bottoms Temperature and Total Reflux
The liquid feed of 100 mol/h at the boiling point given in Example 11.7-1 is fed to a distillation
tower at 405.3 kPa and is to be fractionated so that 90 % of the n-pentane (B) is recovered in the
distillate and 90 % of the n-hexane (C) in bottoms.
175
7.7 Number of stages
(a) Minimum reflux ratio using the Underwood
method
The temperature to use for determining the values of i is average between
67 132
the top of 67 o C and the bottom of 132o C 99.5o C
2
The K i values obtained from Figure 11.7 - 2 and the i values and distillate and
feed compositions are as follows :
176
7.7 Number of stages
With q 1.0 for feed at boiling point,
i xiF
1 q
i
5.20(0.40) 2.30(0.25) 1.00(0.20) 0.467(0.15)
11 0
5.20 2.30 1.00 0.467
This is trial & error, so a value of 1.210 will be used got first trial ( must between 2.30 and 1.00)
This and other trials are shown below :
R1.5R
1.5Rmin using the Erbar-Maddox correlation
min 1.5(0.395) 0.593
R 0.593
0.3723
R 1 0.593 1
Rmin 0.395
0.2832
Rmin 1 0.395 1
N m / N 0.49
N m / N 5.40 / N 0.49
178
7.7 Number of stages
179
7.8 Distribution of the components and plate-to-plate
calculation
The liquid in the reboiler is assumed to have the
composition of the bottom product and the vapor
leaving the reboiler is in equilibrium with it.
180
7.8 Distribution of the components and plate-to-plate
calculation
2. Calculate x1 from yw . These are passing streams
and are related by the mass balance requirements
represented by operating line equations.
For stripping section:
Example:
AND SO
ON!
182
7.9 Feed plate location
xL x x
L L
xH f 1 xH feed xH f
Where:
xL
= Ratio light to heavy key on plate
xH f 1 above feed
xL
= Ratio light to heavy key on feed
xH feed
plate
xL
= Ratio light to heavy key in feed
xH f
xL
xL
Calculated using the same set of
and the operating line equations
xH f 1 xH f 183
Summary – Course Outcomes
(CO)
6 - 11 Vapour-Liquid It is expected that students will be
Separation Processes able to:
Equilibrium relationship Describe batch distillation and
Simple distillation continuous fractional distillation
methods Design simple batch distillation
Binary fractional Design plate distillation column
distillation using using McCabe-Thiele
McCabe-Thiele method Design multi-component column
Multi-component using Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland
distillation correlation
.
184
Summary – Assignment 3
Thanks
185